Veganismus: Unterschied zwischen den Versionen
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Tabelle 1, Studien zur Nährstoffversorgung bei veganer Ernährung (ohne Supplementierung) im Vergleich: | Tabelle 1, Studien zur Nährstoffversorgung bei veganer Ernährung (ohne Supplementierung) im Vergleich: | ||
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! rowspan="2" | Analyse<br/> Werte | ! rowspan="2" | Analyse<br/> Werte | ||
| − | ! colspan="2" | Bedarf /<br/> Referenz<ref /> | + | ! colspan="2" | Bedarf /<br/> Referenz<ref name="Bedarf">nach Deutscher Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Erwachsene (25-51) http://www.dge.de/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=3</ref> |
| − | ! colspan="2" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref /> | + | ! colspan="2" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey">Davey et al.: EPIC–Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. May 2003, {{DOI|10.1079/PHN2002430}} PMID 12740075. (n=25.765)</ref> |
| − | ! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref /> | + | ! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson">Larsson et al.: Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. July 2002, PMID 12081822. (n=60)</ref> |
| − | ! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref /> | + | ! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey" /> |
| − | ! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref /> | + | ! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson" /> |
|- | |- | ||
! ''m'' | ! ''m'' | ||
| Zeile 40: | Zeile 38: | ||
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Hauptnährstoffverteilung:'' | | colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Hauptnährstoffverteilung:'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | style="text-align:left" | '''Protein'''<ref /> | + | | style="text-align:left" | '''Protein'''<ref name="Proz">Zufuhr in % der Nahrungsenergie</ref> |
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 9-11% | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 9-11% | ||
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13% | | style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13% | ||
| Zeile 51: | Zeile 49: | ||
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 14% | | style="background:#FFCCCC" | 14% | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | style="text-align:left" | '''Fett'''<ref /> | + | | style="text-align:left" | '''Fett'''<ref name="Proz" /> |
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <35% | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <35% | ||
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28% | | style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28% | ||
| Zeile 62: | Zeile 60: | ||
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29% | | style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29% | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | style="text-align:left" | '''Kohlenhydrate'''<ref /> | + | | style="text-align:left" | '''Kohlenhydrate'''<ref name="Proz" /> |
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >50% | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >50% | ||
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55% | | style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55% | ||
| Zeile 75: | Zeile 73: | ||
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Fettsäuren, Cholesterin und Ballaststoffe:'' | | colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Fettsäuren, Cholesterin und Ballaststoffe:'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | style="text-align:left" | '''gesättigte Fette'''<ref /> | + | | style="text-align:left" | '''gesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /> |
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <10% | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <10% | ||
| style="background:#66F066" | 4,99% | | style="background:#66F066" | 4,99% | ||
| Zeile 86: | Zeile 84: | ||
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,15% | | style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,15% | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | style="text-align:left" | '''mehrf. ungesättigte Fette'''<ref /> | + | | style="text-align:left" | '''mehrf. ungesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /> |
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 7-10% | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 7-10% | ||
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,53% | | style="background:#00E000" | 7,53% | ||
| Zeile 99: | Zeile 97: | ||
| style="text-align:left" | '''Cholesterin''' | | style="text-align:left" | '''Cholesterin''' | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <300mg | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <300mg | ||
| − | | style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | - | + | | style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | - |
| − | | style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | - | + | | style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | - |
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,1mg | | style="background:#00E000" | 2,1mg | ||
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,3mg | | style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,3mg | ||
| − | | style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | - | + | | style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | - |
| − | | style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | - | + | | style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | - |
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 326mg | | style="background:#E7FFE7" | 326mg | ||
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 230mg | | style="background:#E7FFE7" | 230mg | ||
| Zeile 124: | Zeile 122: | ||
| 1000µg | | 1000µg | ||
| 800µg | | 800µg | ||
| − | | style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | - | + | | style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | - |
| − | | style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | - | + | | style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | - |
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1045µg | | style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1045µg | ||
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 966µg | | style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 966µg | ||
| − | | style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | - | + | | style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | - |
| − | | style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | - | + | | style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | - |
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1226µg | | style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1226µg | ||
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1169µg | | style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1169µg | ||
| Zeile 181: | Zeile 179: | ||
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,0mg | | style="background:#00E000" | 2,0mg | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<ref /> | + | | style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<ref name="VitB12">Gefüllter Vitamin B12 Speicher reicht für viele Jahre aus, aber nach Aufbrauch des Vitamin B12-Speichers drohen ohne ausreichende Zufuhr über tierische Lebensmittel oder Supplementierung neurologische Schädigungen (vgl. [[Vitamin B12]]).</ref> |
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 3,0µg | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 3,0µg | ||
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,41µg | | style="background:#FF6666" | 0,41µg | ||
| Zeile 214: | Zeile 212: | ||
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 104mg | | style="background:#E7FFE7" | 104mg | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin D'''<ref /> | + | | style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin D'''<ref name="VitD">wird auch über die Haut bei Sonnenexposition gebildet, im Sommer genügen wenige Minuten Sonne zur Deckung des Tagesbedarfs (vgl. [[Cholecalciferol#Biosynthese_von_Vitamin_D3|Vitamin D]]).</ref> |
| − | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 20µg<ref /> | + | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 20µg<ref name="VitD" /> |
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg | | style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg | ||
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg | | style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg | ||
| Zeile 299: | Zeile 297: | ||
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen''' | | style="text-align:left" | '''Selen''' | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 30µg - 70µg | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 30µg - 70µg | ||
| − | | style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | - | + | | style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | - |
| − | | style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | - | + | | style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | - |
| style="background:#FF9999" | 12µg | | style="background:#FF9999" | 12µg | ||
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10µg | | style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10µg | ||
| − | | style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | - | + | | style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | - |
| − | | style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | - | + | | style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | - |
| style="background:#00E000" | 40µg | | style="background:#00E000" | 40µg | ||
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27µg | | style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27µg | ||
| Zeile 310: | Zeile 308: | ||
! rowspan="1" | | ! rowspan="1" | | ||
! colspan="2" | | ! colspan="2" | | ||
| − | ! colspan="4" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref /> | + | ! colspan="4" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler">Lightowler HJ & Davies GJ: Iodine intake and iodine deficiency in vegans as assessed by the duplicate-portion technique and urinary iodine excretion. Br J Nutr Dez 1998; 80, 529-535. PMID 10211051</ref> |
| − | ! colspan="4" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref /> | + | ! colspan="4" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler" /> |
|- | |- | ||
| style="text-align:left" | '''Jod''' | | style="text-align:left" | '''Jod''' | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 200µg | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 200µg | ||
| − | | colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black; text-align:center" | 87µg | + | | colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black; text-align:center" | 87µg |
| − | | colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; text-align:center" | 120µg | + | | colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; text-align:center" | 120µg |
|} | |} | ||
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<references /> | <references /> | ||
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! colspan="7" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:'' | ! colspan="7" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenzwert kein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert: | + | | colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenzwert kein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert: |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | < -65% | + | | style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | < -65% |
| − | | style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -65%..-35% | + | | style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -65%..-35% |
| − | | style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -35%..-10% | + | | style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -35%..-10% |
| − | | style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -10%..+10% | + | | style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -10%..+10% |
| − | | style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +10%..+35% | + | | style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +10%..+35% |
| − | | style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +35%..+65% | + | | style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +35%..+65% |
| − | | style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | > 65% | + | | style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | > 65% |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz ein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert: | + | | colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz ein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert: |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > +65% | + | | style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > +65% |
| − | | style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | +65%..+35% | + | | style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | +65%..+35% |
| − | | style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | +35%..+10% | + | | style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | +35%..+10% |
| − | | style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | +10%..-10% | + | | style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | +10%..-10% |
| − | | style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px" | -10%..-35% | + | | style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px" | -10%..-35% |
| − | | style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px" | -35%..-65% | + | | style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px" | -35%..-65% |
| − | | style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px" | < -65% | + | | style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px" | < -65% |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz geschlossenes Intervall, Abweichung zu nähester Intervallgrenze: | + | | colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz geschlossenes Intervall, Abweichung zu nähester Intervallgrenze: |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > 65% | + | | style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > 65% |
| − | | style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | 65%..35% | + | | style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | 65%..35% |
| − | | style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | 35%..10% | + | | style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | 35%..10% |
| − | | style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | 10%..>0% | + | | style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | 10%..>0% |
| − | | colspan="3" style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; text-align:center" | Innerhalb Intervall | + | | colspan="3" style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; text-align:center" | Innerhalb Intervall |
|} | |} | ||
| − | Tabelle 2, Häufigkeit einer unzureichenden Nährstoffaufnahme der untersuchten Studienteilnehmer<ref />: | + | Tabelle 2, Häufigkeit einer unzureichenden Nährstoffaufnahme der untersuchten Studienteilnehmer<ref name="teo">Teo, CC (2011): Assessing the Prevalence of Inadequate Nutrient Intake Among Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians Using the Estimated Average Requirement: Results from the adventist health study 2 calibration study. Proquest [http://udini.proquest.com/view/assessing-the-prevalence-of-pqid:2247014461/|Umi Dissertation Publishing] (n=661)</ref>: |
| − | + | ||
| − | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em" | + | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em" |
|- | |- | ||
! style="width: 7em" | Nährstoff | ! style="width: 7em" | Nährstoff | ||
| Zeile 425: | Zeile 421: | ||
! colspan="4" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 2:'' | ! colspan="4" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 2:'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | style="background:#00E000; width: 5em" | 0%..10% | + | | style="background:#00E000; width: 5em" | 0%..10% |
| − | | style="background:#E7FFE7; width: 5em" | 10%..25% | + | | style="background:#E7FFE7; width: 5em" | 10%..25% |
| − | | style="background:#FF9999; width: 5em" | 25%..75% | + | | style="background:#FF9999; width: 5em" | 25%..75% |
| − | | style="background:#FF6666; width: 5em" | > 75% | + | | style="background:#FF6666; width: 5em" | > 75% |
|} | |} | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
Version vom 10. Dezember 2018, 21:23 Uhr
Veganismus ist ein aus dem Vegetarismus hervorgegangener Lebens- und Ernährungsstil. Veganer versuchen den Konsum sämtlicher Produkte für deren Herstellung Tiere genutzt wurden bestmöglich zu vermeiden. Die Beweggründe vegan zu leben sind sehr unterschiedlich, sie reichen über Ethik, Gesundheit, Ökologie, Welternährung bis hin zu religiösen oder spirituellen Gründen.
Begriff
Geprägt wurde das Wort vegan durch den Engländer Donlad Watson. Er gründete 1944 die Vegan Society als Abspaltung der Vegetarian Society. Den Begriff schuf er aus einer Verkürzung des Wortes vegetarian.
Nährstoffversorgung
Tabelle 1, Studien zur Nährstoffversorgung bei veganer Ernährung (ohne Supplementierung) im Vergleich:
| Analyse Werte |
Bedarf / Referenz[1] |
Veganer (Davey et al. 2003)[2] |
Veganer (Larsson et al. 2002)[3] |
Mischköstler (Davey et al. 2003)[2] |
Mischköstler (Larsson et al. 2002)[3] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m | w | m | w | m | w | m | w | m | w | |
| Hauptnährstoffverteilung: | ||||||||||
| Protein[4] | 9-11% | 13% | 13% | 10% | 10% | 16% | 17% | 15% | 14% | |
| Fett[4] | <35% | 28% | 28% | 27% | 24% | 32% | 31% | 29% | 29% | |
| Kohlenhydrate[4] | >50% | 55% | 56% | 63% | 66% | 47% | 48% | 55% | 56% | |
| Fettsäuren, Cholesterin und Ballaststoffe: | ||||||||||
| gesättigte Fette[4] | <10% | 4,99% | 5,11% | 7,67% | 6,21% | 10,7% | 10,4% | 13,05% | 13,15% | |
| mehrf. ungesättigte Fette[4] | 7-10% | 7,53% | 7,20% | 6,44% | 6,21% | 5,21% | 5,19% | 3,48% | 3,33% | |
| Cholesterin | <300mg | - | - | 2,1mg | 2,3mg | - | - | 326mg | 230mg | |
| Ballaststoffe | >30g | 27,7g | 26,4g | 44g | 34g | 18,7g | 18,9g | 25g | 21g | |
| Vitamine: | ||||||||||
| Vitamin A | 1000µg | 800µg | - | - | 1045µg | 966µg | - | - | 1226µg | 1169µg |
| Vitamin B1 | 1,2mg | 1,0mg | 2,29mg | 2,14mg | 1,9mg | 1,5mg | 1,69mg | 1,62mg | 2,2mg | 1,5mg |
| Vitamin B2 | 1,4mg | 1,2mg | 2,26mg | 2,13mg | 1,2mg | 1,1mg | 2,30mg | 2,19mg | 2,8mg | 1,9mg |
| Niacin | 16mg | 13mg | 23,9mg | 21,1mg | 34mg | 26mg | 24,7mg | 23,2mg | 48mg | 32mg |
| Vitamin B6 | 1,5mg | 1,2mg | 2,23mg | 2,06mg | 2,7mg | 2,1mg | 2,26mg | 2,17mg | 2,8mg | 2,0mg |
| Vitamin B12[5] | 3,0µg | 0,41µg | 0,49µg | 0,1µg | 0,0µg | 7,25µg | 6,98µg | 5,9µg | 5,0µg | |
| Folat | 300µg | 431µg | 412µg | 551µg | 473µg | 329µg | 321µg | 263µg | 226µg | |
| Vitamin C | 100mg | 155mg | 169mg | 203mg | 178mg | 119mg | 138mg | 96mg | 104mg | |
| Vitamin D[6] | 20µg[6] | 0,88µg | 0,88µg | 3,7µg | 2,0µg | 3,39µg | 3,32µg | 7,7µg | 5,1µg | |
| Vitamin E | 14mg | 12mg | 16,1mg | 14,0mg | 18mg | 13mg | 11,8mg | 10,7mg | 9,2mg | 7,3mg |
| Mineralstoffe: | ||||||||||
| Kalzium | 1000mg | 610mg | 582mg | 517mg | 538mg | 1057mg | 989mg | 1697mg | 1328mg | |
| Magnesium | 350mg | 300mg | 440mg | 391mg | 559mg | 443mg | 366mg | 341mg | 457mg | 325mg |
| Kalium | 2000mg | 4029mg | 3817mg | 4200mg | 3460mg | 3965mg | 3839mg | 4100mg | 3160mg | |
| Eisen | 10mg | 15mg | 15,3mg | 14,1mg | 18mg | 14mg | 13,4mg | 12,6mg | 18mg | 11mg |
| Zink | 10mg | 7mg | 7,99mg | 7,22mg | 10mg | 7,8mg | 9,78mg | 9,16mg | 16mg | 11mg |
| Selen | 30µg - 70µg | - | - | 12µg | 10µg | - | - | 40µg | 27µg | |
| (Lightowler et al. 1999)[7] | (Lightowler et al. 1999)[7] | |||||||||
| Jod | 200µg | 87µg | 120µg | |||||||
- ↑ nach Deutscher Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Erwachsene (25-51) http://www.dge.de/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=3
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Davey et al.: EPIC–Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. May 2003, Lua-Fehler: Der Prozess konnte nicht erstellt werden: proc_open(/dev/null): failed to open stream: Operation not permitted PMID 12740075. (n=25.765)
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Larsson et al.: Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. July 2002, PMID 12081822. (n=60)
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 Zufuhr in % der Nahrungsenergie
- ↑ Gefüllter Vitamin B12 Speicher reicht für viele Jahre aus, aber nach Aufbrauch des Vitamin B12-Speichers drohen ohne ausreichende Zufuhr über tierische Lebensmittel oder Supplementierung neurologische Schädigungen (vgl. Vitamin B12).
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 wird auch über die Haut bei Sonnenexposition gebildet, im Sommer genügen wenige Minuten Sonne zur Deckung des Tagesbedarfs (vgl. Vitamin D).
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Lightowler HJ & Davies GJ: Iodine intake and iodine deficiency in vegans as assessed by the duplicate-portion technique and urinary iodine excretion. Br J Nutr Dez 1998; 80, 529-535. PMID 10211051
| Legende Tabelle 1: | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Falls Referenzwert kein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert: | ||||||
| < -65% | -65%..-35% | -35%..-10% | -10%..+10% | +10%..+35% | +35%..+65% | > 65% |
| Falls Referenz ein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert: | ||||||
| > +65% | +65%..+35% | +35%..+10% | +10%..-10% | -10%..-35% | -35%..-65% | < -65% |
| Falls Referenz geschlossenes Intervall, Abweichung zu nähester Intervallgrenze: | ||||||
| > 65% | 65%..35% | 35%..10% | 10%..>0% | Innerhalb Intervall | ||
Tabelle 2, Häufigkeit einer unzureichenden Nährstoffaufnahme der untersuchten Studienteilnehmer[1]:
| Nährstoff | Veganer | Mischköstler |
|---|---|---|
| Vitamin A | 42% | 40% |
| Vitamin C | 8% | 26% |
| Vitamin E | 79% | 94% |
| Vitamin B1 | 12% | 13% |
| Vitamin B2 | 15% | 14% |
| Niacin | 3% | 0% |
| Folate | 6% | 18% |
| Vitamin B12 | 48% | 16% |
| Kupfer | 0% | 4% |
| Magnesium | 15% | 49% |
| Phosphor | 3% | 5% |
| Selen | 10% | 6% |
| Zink | 22% | 23% |
| Eisen | 9% | 16% |
| Legende Tabelle 2: | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 0%..10% | 10%..25% | 25%..75% | > 75% |
- ↑ Teo, CC (2011): Assessing the Prevalence of Inadequate Nutrient Intake Among Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians Using the Estimated Average Requirement: Results from the adventist health study 2 calibration study. Proquest Dissertation Publishing (n=661)