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− | <p style="text-align: right">[[Donate|'''Please support FreeWiki''']]</p> <p style="text-align: right">in deutscher Sprache: [[:de:Homöopathie|Homöopathie]]</p> <div style="background:#eeeeee; border:1px solid #cccccc; padding:5px 10px"> </div> <div style="background:#eeeeee; border:1px solid #cccccc; padding:5px 10px"> </div> <div style="float:right; margin-left:1em">__TOC__</div>
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− | '''Homeopathy''' or '''homoeopathy''' — from the Greek ''hómoios'' (similar) and ''páthos'' (suffering) – is a traditional medical method that is being used for more than 200 years by millions of doctors and other therapists all over the world. According to the WHO it is the second most used medical method.<ref>http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43108/9241562862_map.pdf</ref><br/> [[Homeopathic_remedies|Homeopathic remedies]] are usually prepared in a high dilution and know for not containing any chemical substance, but work only on an informational level. Homeopathy has its historical roots in the findings of the German doctor [[Samuel_Hahnemann|Samuel Hahnemann]] in the beginning of the 19th century. | + | == '''"Corona macht Schule"'''<br/> '''<span style="font-size:smaller">Multipolar-Artikel: Werden alle Formatierungen etc. übernommen?)</span>''' == |
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− | {{Medizin}}
| + | <span style="font-size:larger">'''''<u><span style="font-family:Courier New,Courier,monospace">Quelle:</span></u>'' '''[https://multipolar-magazin.de/artikel/corona-macht-schule https://multipolar-magazin.de/artikel/corona-macht-schule]</span> |
− | <div style="background:#eeeeee; border:1px solid #cccccc; padding:5px 10px"><div class="mw-collapsible"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div style="font-weight:bold; line-height:1.6">Introduction according to 4 principles by Jeremy Sherr</div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content">'''Homeopathy''' is a therapeutic system based on four principles that work together in synergy. | + | <div class="blog-list-content blog-detail"><div class="highlight-teaser"> |
− | Homoeopathy may be defined as a minute amount of a potentised substance, that will cure a totality of symptoms uniquely similar to those which it can cause in healthy people.
| + | Nahezu alle medizinischen Corona-Studien zur Anfälligkeit und Infektiosität von Kindern geben Entwarnung. Trotzdem haben – bis auf Sachsen – sämtliche Bundesländer in der einen oder anderen Form die Maskenpflicht in Schulen eingeführt. Es scheint, als lebten Landespolitiker ihre Profilierungssucht auf Kosten der Schüler aus. Dies wiegt schwer, denn die gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen dieser und anderer Corona-Maßnahmen auf Kinder sind besorgniserregend. |
| + | </div> <span class="date">STEFAN KORINTH, 8. September 2020, [https://multipolar-magazin.de/artikel/corona-macht-schule#diskussion 3 Kommentare]</span> |
| + | Inzwischen hat in 15 von 16 deutschen Bundesländern das neue Schuljahr begonnen. Trotz lange anderslautender Pläne haben außer Sachsen alle Bundesländer auf die eine oder andere Art Verpflichtungen zum Maskentragen in Schulen aufgestellt. Am schärfsten agierte dabei das bevölkerungsreichste Bundesland Nordrhein-Westfalen (NRW), das das Maskentragen für zwei Wochen sogar im Unterricht vorschrieb. Bayern zog im September nach. Trotz großer Hitze und Schwüle wurde diese Maskenpflicht in NRW durchgesetzt. |
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− | '''The four principles are:'''
| + | Eine Lehrerin [https://kollateral.news/wenn-ein-kind-umkippt-soll-ich-halt-den-krankenwagen-rufen-ansonsten-habe-ich-mich-gefaelligst-an-die-anweisungen-zu-halten/ schreibt]: |
| + | <blockquote> |
| + | „Im Klassenraum bei circa 35 Grad habe ich die Kinder nicht mehr aufgefordert (die Maske aufzusetzen), da ich es unzumutbar fand, woraufhin ich mich einer wütenden Schulleitung stellen musste, die mir sagte, wenn ein Kind umkippt, soll ich halt den Krankenwagen rufen, ansonsten habe ich mich gefälligst an die Anweisungen zu halten.“ |
| + | </blockquote> |
| + | Ganztägiges Maskentragen wird Mitarbeitern im Einzelhandel nicht zugemutet, Schüler in NRW und in Bayern sollen es hingegen erdulden. Auch einige Schulen in anderen Bundesländern [https://www.rbb24.de/panorama/thema/2020/coronavirus/beitraege_neu/2020/08/berlin-sternberg-grundschule-maskenpflicht-unterricht-klassenzimmer-.html verpflichteten] ihre Schüler dazu. Zu Beginn des Schuljahres häuften sich denn auch Krankmeldungen und negative Erfahrungsberichte betroffener Kinder und Eltern. „Das war der schlimmste Tag in meiner gesamten Schülerlaufbahn“, [https://kollateral.news/an-ein-lernen-ist-unter-solchen-umstaenden-ueberhaupt-nicht-zu-denken/ berichtete] ein Junge seiner Großmutter über den ersten Tag nach den Sommerferien in NRW. |
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− | #Like cures like
| + | In vielen Berichten klagen Kinder über Schwindelgefühle, Konzentrationsschwierigkeiten, Übelkeit oder Kopfschmerzen infolge der Masken. Auch von Hautproblemen ist die Rede. Kinder, die durch ärztliche Atteste von der Maskenpflicht befreit sind, [http://blauerbote.com/2020/08/15/maskenzwang-ein-kind-spricht-ueber-die-schule-in-der-neuen-normalitaet/ berichteten] davon, wiederholt von Lehrern angeherrscht und von Mitschülern gemaßregelt worden zu sein. |
− | #Totality of symptoms
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− | #Individuality </div>
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| + | Der Arzt und Maskenbefürworter Burkhard Rodeck von der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin („Die Maske ist unser Freund“) bestreitet jedoch [https://www1.wdr.de/mediathek/audio/wdr5/wdr5-morgenecho-interview/audio-maskenpflicht-in-schulen-die-maske-ist-unser-freund-100.html in einem WDR-Interview], dass Masken körperlich negative Folgen für Kinder hätten. Es sei vor allem „eine psychologische Problematik“. Einige Kinder fühlten sich unter der Maske beengt. Dies müsse man ernst nehmen. Er forderte, dass über Masken in der Öffentlichkeit noch besser berichtet werden solle, dann würden diese endlich zu einer akzeptierten Normalität. „Es gibt viele Berufsstände, die die Maske selbstverständlich den ganzen Tag über tragen, die sich auch nicht beklagen“, sagte Rodeck. |
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| + | === Strenge Verhaltensregeln, extreme Erwachsene === |
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| + | Das vorgeschriebene Tragen einer Maske ist jedoch nur der augenfälligste Teil der politischen Corona-Vorschriften für Kinder. Bereits seit Ende des Lockdowns müssen Mädchen und Jungen deutschlandweit mit zahlreichen strengen Verhaltensregeln in Schulen, Kindergärten und in der Freizeit zurechtkommen. Während nachvollziehbare Hygieneregeln – wie regelmäßiges Händewaschen oder das Niesen in die Armbeuge – bereits vor Corona Standard in den meisten Einrichtungen waren, kamen seitdem völlig neuartige Maßnahmen dazu: Sportverbote, soziale Kontakteinschränkungen und körperliche Distanzierung. Zudem mussten Kinder lernen, mit zahlreichen extremen Verhaltensweisen von Erwachsenen umzugehen. |
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| + | Bereits nach Ende des Lockdowns im Mai klagten Jungen und Mädchen über die neuen Normen an Schulen. Die Bonner Familienberaterin Inke Hummel [https://www1.wdr.de/nachrichten/themen/coronavirus/corona-schulen-auflagen-grundschulen-100.html berichtete] damals: |
| + | <blockquote> |
| + | „Ich habe mit mehreren Familien gesprochen, deren Kinder bereits wieder in die Schule mussten. Diese Kinder haben sich wahnsinnig auf ihre Freunde gefreut, aber danach sind sie nach Hause gekommen und haben gesagt, es sei schrecklich gewesen. Das ständige Ermahnen, Abstand voneinander zu halten, wurde als großer Stress empfunden.“ |
| + | </blockquote> |
| + | ''Multipolar'' erreichten vor den Sommerferien Elternberichte aus NRW, wonach Kinder in den Pausen auf markierten Punkten auf dem Schulhof verharren sollten. In anderen Schulen des Bundeslandes durften Schüler gar nicht raus, sondern mussten auch ihre großen Pausen drinnen am Platz sitzend verbringen. |
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| + | === Kinder dürfen sich nicht mehr wie Kinder verhalten === |
− | == General Introductions == | |
− | <div class="mw-collapsible"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div style="font-weight:bold; line-height:1.6">Introduction according to 4 principles by Jeremy Sherr</div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content">'''Homeopathy''' is a therapeutic system based on four principles that work together in synergy.
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− | Homoeopathy may be defined as a minute amount of a potentised substance, that will cure a totality of symptoms uniquely similar to those which it can cause in healthy people.
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− | '''The four principles are:'''
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− | #Like cures like
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− | #Totality of symptoms
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− | #Individuality
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− | #Minimum dose
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− | None of these four principles alone justifies the term homoeopathy when used alone. It is the combination and utilization of all four principles that makes the practice what is termed [['''Classical_Homoeopathy'''|'''Classical Homoeopathy''']]. Any compromise of one of the principles renders homoeopathy less effective.
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− | The first principle, ‘Like cures like’, means using a particular substance to cure a disease pattern similar to the one it can create in a relatively healthy human being. This disease pattern is ascertained by ‘provings’, literally a test of the substance on volunteers, who will meticulously record all the symptoms they experience during this experiment. It is the science and art of the homoeopathic practitioner to match the proving picture to the patient as accurately as possible.
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− | The second principle, Totality, means observing the whole symptom picture, which includes mental, emotional and physical symptoms. The practitioner perceives the pattern that runs through these symptoms, and combines them into one meaningful picture. There are a variety of different systems or tools that may help the practitioner to perceive the totality of symptoms.
| + | Bis heute finden der Sport- und der Musikunterricht in nahezu allen Schulen nur unter Einschränkungen statt. Projekttage oder Klassenfahrten fallen größtenteils aus. Auch bei den meisten Einschulungsfeiern im August durften Eltern nicht dabei sein. |
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− | The third principle, Individuality, means that no matter what the disease name or type, each person needs a medicine or remedy to match their own particular set of symptoms. Thus ten people suffering from migraines may receive ten different remedies depending on the individual headaches and general symptoms. A patient may have a headache on the left or right, at 6am or 3pm, burning or sharp pain, with or without visual disturbance etc. Each will receive a different remedy.
| + | Stattdessen wird Schülern nun verboten, sich ins eigene Gesicht zu fassen oder Gegenstände mit Mitschülern zu teilen. Soldatisch diszipliniert sollen sie unter ihren Masken in markierten Bahnen durchs Schulgebäude marschieren, wobei der Großteil des Hauses nicht betreten werden darf. Die Lehrer wachen über das Einhalten der Regeln. Die Kinder müssen feststellen, dass es in ihrer gesamten Schulzeit noch nie so wenig um Lerninhalte ging wie jetzt – stattdessen stehen Verhaltenskontrolle und autoritäre Rollenmuster im Vordergrund. |
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− | The fourth principle is ‘Minimum dose’ or ‘Less is more.’ This means that smaller doses are more effective than larger ones, and minute quantities are used, often diluted below [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avogadro_constant Avogadro’s number]. This principle is often misunderstood by those unfamiliar with homoeopathy; It is also the most frequently attacked by so-called "[[Skeptics|skeptics]]", while they ignore the other three principles. However these attacks are based on the erroneous assumption that this principle means merely diluting the remedy. In addition to dilution, the remedy is vigorously succussed or agitated at each stage of dilution. It is only when the remedy is succussed that it becomes more effective. This process is called [[Potentisation|potentisation]] because it renders the remedy more potent. The mechanism by which this works is not known, but it is clearly different then just diluting the remedy and is a well-known mechanism in chemistry.
| + | In einer Schule im thüringischen Stotternheim heißt es [http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:sp2dWbxHG_0J:www.rsstotternheim.de/index.php/corona-virus/item/download/39_b6f3f1e3fe4c70c9e8447c16d438fb02+&cd=1&hl=de&ct=clnk&gl=de&client=firefox-b-d in den neuen Schulregeln] vom Mai unter anderem: |
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− | In order for the potentised remedy to be effective, it must be accurately prescribed, based on the first three principles of Similarity, Totality and Individuality. When it does match these criteria then the potentised dose will act like a catalyst, stimulating the organism to activate its innate healing powers in the most effective direction for cure. | + | ''2.) GRUNDGEDANKE: ‚Ich komme zum Lernen in die Schule, aber nicht um meine Freunde zu treffen.‘ (…)<br/> 7.) In der Pause spiele ich kein Fußball oder ähnliche kontaktnahe Spiele.<br/> 8.) Ich kann mich nicht wie gewohnt in freien Zeiten im Foyer aufhalten. Stattdessen warte ich auf dem Hof.<br/> 9.) Ich werde durch den Lehrer vom Schulhof abgeholt und zum Klassenraum begleitet. Ich betrete nicht selbstständig das Schulgebäude.<br/> 10.) Ich hänge meine Jacke über meinen Stuhl und bringe sie nicht zur Garderobe. (...)<br/> 16.) Ich gebe niemandem die Hand. Ich umarme keine Personen. Ich vermeide jeglichen Körperkontakt zu anderen Menschen. (…)<br/> 19.) Mir ist bekannt, dass ich bei Zuwiderhandlungen und Verstößen gegen die geltenden Bedingungen das Recht auf Präsenzunterricht verliere.'' |
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− | It might be said that the accurate homoeopathic prescription provides information to the person rather than a chemical quantity. Much like a software program, the information is not tangible but provides the correct program that stimulates the organism into healing. Simply buying a potentized remedy off the shelf does not make it homoeopathic. It is only when these four principles are fulfilled and work in synergy that a remedy is homoeopathic.
| + | Wen dies an die Schulregeln im Deutschen Kaiserreich [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ymjT4EZoDPQ&list=PL1eFyfyVP6ggE8CXrxSFaywaxysidmrjf&index=107&t=80s erinnert], der liegt sicher nicht ganz falsch. „Hände falten, Schnabel halten, Kopf nicht stützen, Ohren spitzen“, hieß das damals. Dem Magazin ''Multipolar'' liegen mehrere solcher Hygienepläne von Schulen in Deutschland vor. In einer Grundschule (!) im niedersächsischen Landkreis Harburg, gab der Direktor bereits Anfang Mai unter anderem folgende Regeln an die Eltern heraus: |
− | </div> </div> </div>
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− | <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div style="font-weight:bold; line-height:1.6">General introduction by Misha Norland:</div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content">'''Homeopathy''' is an integrated mind-body therapy that encourages self-healing.This means, that as the patient, you are listened to in a non-judgmental and empathetic way and treated as a unique individual rather than according to a particular syndrome or diagnosis. In this way, and through careful and detailed observation and enquiry, the homeopathic physician learns which specific homeopathic medicine to select to engender wellbeing and health. A homeopathic prescription is chosen according to specific criteria in a manner defined and systematized by [[Samuel_Hahnemann|Samuel Hahnemann]] who was born in 1755 in Meissen, Germany. It is based upon the application of the principle of similarity, finding correspondences between a substance ‘out there’ and the internal disturbance, the sickness ‘in here’. For instance, fresh onion juice provokes profuse and burning tears, (action of the substance ‘out there’) while for a patient with profuse, burning tears, it acts curatively (quelling the internal disturbance). One of homeopathy’s best known and popular applications is demonstrated in the immune response after inoculation where an attenuated virus of the same or similar disease stimulates an immunological response in the patient.
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− | The homeopathic stimulus afforded by the similar medicine is in inverse proportion to the quantity of the dose. As has been observed by immunologists, the smallest, especially energized doses of allergens stimulate responses in sensitive individuals. Homeopaths understand, that healing action is purely dynamic, and that physical results follow shifts in the body’s energy. When Einstein wrote his elegant formula for the conversion between matter and energy, there were many dissenters until the explosion of the atom bomb dispelled doubt, but not so the evidence by ‘energy’-medicine of billions of cures world-wise, today and yesterday, under the action of smallest, energized homeopathic doses.
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− | The action of non-material influences are ubiquitous, we cannot get away from them. There is nothing material in the mood of hatred, or worry, or uncertainty, yet they undoubtedly trouble us. By way of another example, when the one we hope may be keen on us sends an affirmation, exclaiming, “I love you”, we may experience wellsprings of joy, yet there is nothing actually there to locate or to measure. It is the intention, the focus and the receptivity to that energy which is of the moment. Our understanding is that the receptive aspect of any organism is accentuated in direct proportion to their sickness. Therefore, the dose need not be material (where it would likely cause side effects), because ‘the receptive’ is open and primed for the stimulus in the correct and suitably energized dosage.
| + | ''1. Wenn ein Kind das Schulgebäude betritt, setzt es vorher einen Mund-Nasen-Schutz (MNS) auf. Auch die Lehrkräfte tragen MNS.<br/> 2. Für jede Klasse gibt es eigene Laufwege, eigene Toiletten und einen eigenen „Sammelpunkt“. Dadurch wird verhindert, dass sich Kinder verschiedener Lerngruppen begegnen bzw. sich ihre Wege kreuzen. In den Klassenräumen befinden sich nur noch Sitzplätze für 7 oder 8 Kinder auf Abstand. Tischpositionen und Sitzplätze sind markiert. Kein Kind verlässt während des Unterrichts seinen Platz eigenmächtig.<br/> 3. Bewegung im Gebäude erfolgt ausschließlich im Gänsemarsch mit 1,5 m Abstand und ausschließlich in Begleitung einer Lehrkraft.<br/> 4. Die 5-Minuten-Pausen zwischen den einzelnen Schulstunden entfallen. Es ist immer eine Lehrkraft im Unterrichtsraum, um die Einhaltung der Regeln zu überwachen. (...)<br/> 8. Ihr Kind sieht in der großen Pause nur maximal 7 Mitschüler, die auf Abstand gehalten werden. (...)<br/> 13. (…) Jedes Kind wäscht sich am Schulvormittag 2 Mal die Hände unter Aufsicht. (...)<br/> 15. Jedes Kind benutzt ausschließlich sein eigenes Material. (...) Stifte werde nicht verliehen. Die Lehrkräfte können auch nicht während des Unterrichts z. B. vergessene Heftseiten kopieren, denn die Lehrkraft wird die Lerngruppe nicht verlassen. (...)<br/> 19. Bei Regelverstößen wird ein Kind für den Rest der Woche im Home Schooling belassen.'' |
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− | In homeopathic pharmacy a material substance, be it gold or cat’s milk, is usually the starting point in the manufacture of a medicine. However, this is not necessarily so. The healing agents themselves are not necessarily of material origin. We mention this because reaction by living organisms is always initially dynamic, only subsequently affecting the systems. The dynamic agency is known as the vital force. This is an archaic term, but a beautifully serviceable one. Quoted below are the ninth and tenth paragraphs by [[Samuel_Hahnemann|Samuel Hahnemann]] in his seminal work ‘The Organon of the Healing Art.’
| + | === Isolation in Kitas === |
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− | In the healthy condition of man, the spiritual vital force (autocracy), the dynamis that animates the material body (organism), rules with unbounded sway, and retains all the parts of the organism in admirable, harmonious, vital operation, as regards both sensations and functions, so that our indwelling, reason-gifted mind can freely employ this living, healthy instrument for the higher purpose of our existence.
| + | In Kindergärten, die zuvor jahrelang zu offenen Begegnungsstätten teils ohne Gruppen- und Altersgrenzen umgebaut worden waren, fand die Betreuung nach Ende von Lockdown und Notbetreuung nur gruppenweise und räumlich isoliert statt. Viele Bereiche in Innenräumen und auf dem Außengelände von Kindergärten und -krippen waren plötzlich verbotene Zonen. Mit Freunden in anderen Gruppen konnten die Kinder wochenlang nicht spielen. In vielen Kitas ist das Singen nur noch draußen erlaubt. |
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− | The material organism, without the vital force, is capable of no sensation, no function, no self-preservation, it is dead, and only subject to the power of the external physical world; it decays, and is again resolved into its chemical constituents.
| + | Vielerorts dürfen Eltern die Einrichtungen bis heute nicht betreten, sondern geben ihre Kleinen am Eingang ab, wo sie die Kinder nachmittags wieder in Empfang nehmen. Austausch mit Erzieherinnen und anderen Eltern wird so erschwert. Besonders problematisch ist dies für Kinder, die gerade neu in Einrichtungen kommen und eingewöhnt werden. Bislang geschah dies abgestuft und in engem Kontakt mit den Eltern. Eine Erzieherin aus Baden-Württemberg schrieb an ''Multipolar'': Zur Eingewöhnung komme der Elternteil nun mit Maske in die Kita, dürfe aber nicht in den Gruppenraum, sondern müsse im Garderobenbereich bleiben und aus der Entfernung zuschauen. |
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− | The vital force, as Hahnemann defines it, is the information field that directs all the responses of organism, informing the body how to act and respond. It is an invisible or spiritual force that orders, marshals and coordinates the physical body according to intrinsic and inherited energy patterns (genetic and epigenetic information). When it is distorted because of disease, or misdirected because of failure to respond adequately to stress, then functional and structural changes occur. In other words we fall sick.
| + | Ein weiteres Problemfeld ist der Umgang mancher Pädagogen mit der Situation. Kinder mussten wahrnehmen, dass ihre Erzieherinnen und Erzieher auf ängstliche Distanz zu anderen Menschen gehen, auch wenn diese gesund sind; und dass sie teilweise offen Furcht vor erkälteten Menschen zeigen, besonders vor Kindern. Aus Angst vor Corona verlangen manche Kitas inzwischen sogar eine „Gesundschreibung“ für leicht erkältete Kinder, [https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/lernen-arbeiten/keine-rotznase-in-der-kita-li.92249 berichtete] die Berliner Zeitung im Juli. Eltern seien sehr besorgt darüber, was dann erst im Herbst und Winter los sei. |
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− | When medicines are offered to the sick organism according to similarity and in infinitesimally small, dynamized dosages, it is to the spiritual vital force that they are directed. The vital force acts as a bridge between the medicine and the deranged organism, allowing the homeopathic effect to manifest in cure. Now it stands revealed that the prepared medicine that is no longer material, but vital in its nature, addresses the vital force, because it speaks the same language, the language of spirit as it was called then, but is now called energy in the language of physics.
| + | === Freizeit mit Einschränkungen === |
− | The law of similar stating that likes shall be treated with likes, stands as an immutable truth (made visible through the preventative treatment of epidemic diseases by immunization), operates by addressing the life furthering vital force. Today this is often referred to as the immune defense system. This is misleading because the latter is not the invisible vital force although it is electively susceptible to its influence, not its master, but its servant.</div> </div>
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− | ---- | + | Auch außerhalb von Schule und Kita wurden die Kinder von den neuen Regeln und neuartigen Verhaltensnormen getroffen. Zoo, Schwimmbad oder Sportverein: In der Freizeit wurden die meisten Kinder zahlreicher Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten beraubt und das bis weit nach Ende des eigentlichen Lockdowns. Die allermeisten Vereins- und Freizeitaktivitäten sind bis heute und ohne absehbares Ende nur unter Restriktionen möglich. |
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− | {{Wiki4CAM|18.7.18|25.10.2012}}
| + | Während des Lockdowns wurden junge Familien durch Anwohner oder Polizei von Spielplätzen vertrieben. Wer Freunde der Kinder nach Hause einlud, musste damit rechnen, dass Nachbarn die Polizei rufen. Die Treffen seien – so gut es ging – geheim gehalten worden, schreibt ein Vater aus NRW. „Es ist eine Heimlichkeits-Welt entstanden.“ Auch den älteren Nachwuchs traf es: Jugendliche, die sich privat trafen, wurden als unverantwortliche Beteiligte an sogenannten Corona-Partys schnell zu medialen Zielscheiben aufgebaut – neben „Hamsterkäufern“ und „Verschwörungstheoretikern“. |
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− | Homeopathic remedies are prepared by diluting drugs and other compounds into extremely small doses, which are then vigorously shaken ("succussed") in water or ethanol and finally dispensed in pills or liquid form. In 2010, an Indian team claimed to have found that commercially manufactured metal-derived high-dilution remedies contain nanoparticles of the metals and their aggregates.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-0 [1]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-1 [2]]</sup>
| + | Viele Schüler mussten schmerzhaft feststellen, wie schnell konstruierte Feindbilder in der Öffentlichkeit ausgetauscht werden können. Waren es eben noch die rücksichtslosen alten „Boomer“ und [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbPFONuCTno „meine Oma, die alte Umweltsau“], die den Kindern die Zukunft raubten – so seien es jetzt plötzlich die jungen Menschen, die das Leben der schutzlosen Alten gefährdeten. Das öffentlich-rechtliche Comedy-Format „Browser Ballett“ bewirbt sogar [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hb5x-kVA0uA ein Corona-Spiel], bei dem kranke Kleinkinder ausgeschaltet werden sollen. |
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− | The founder of modern homeopathy was a medical doctor, many modern medical practitioners all over the world prescribe some homeopathic remedies, and most governments recognise homeopathy as legitimate treatment.
| + | === Medizinische Studien geben Entwarnung === |
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− | The underlying concept of homeopathy is "like cures like" and is based on "the principle of similars", which asserts that substances known to cause particular symptoms can also, in low and specially prepared doses, help to cure diseases that cause similar symptoms, thus its derived name from the Greek ''hómoios'' (similar) and ''páthos'' (suffering). Remedies are prepared by a well defined process, which includes a trituration of the oroginal substance in lactose and following in their diluting into extremely small doses, while vigorously shaking them ("succussing") with each step of diluting in water or ethanol. They are then dispensed in pills, globules or liquid form. According to the homeopathic method this dilution and succussion process is what gives the remedies their potency.
| + | Für diejenigen, die sich lieber auf der Faktenebene bewegen, ergibt sich jedoch ein völlig anderes Bild. Inzwischen gibt es allein aus Deutschland sechs klinische Studien, die die Harmlosigkeit des Coronavirus für Kinder sowie die geringe Ansteckungsgefahr für Erwachsene (durch Kinder) nachgewiesen haben. Die Medizinische Fakultät der Technischen Universität Dresden hatte im Mai rund 1.500 Schüler und 500 Lehrer aus 13 weiterführenden Schulen in Sachsen auf Antikörper getestet. Dabei wurde lediglich in 12 der 2.045 Blutproben eine frühere Infektion mit dem Coronavirus nachgewiesen. |
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− | Some principles of homeopathy have been utilized in various forms in various medical systems for thousands of years in many diverse cultures[3], but they were first methodically set out by a German physician, [[Samuel_Hahnemann|Samuel Hahnemann]] (1755–1843), who observed that a medicine sometimes evoked symptoms similar to those of the illness for which it was prescribed.
| + | „Das bedeutet, dass eine stille, symptomfreie Infektion bei den von uns untersuchten Schülern und Lehrern bislang noch seltener stattgefunden hat als wir das vermutet hatten“, [https://www.aerztezeitung.de/Nachrichten/Wiedereroeffnete-Schulen-sind-keine-Corona-Hotspots-411222.html erläuterte] Professor Reinhard Berner. Sogar Schüler, aus deren Haushalt ein „Corona-Fall“ bekannt sei, hätten sich größtenteils nicht angesteckt. Kinder seien keine Beschleuniger der Infektion, sondern viel eher „Bremsklötze“, sagte der Klinikdirektor. |
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− | Homeopaths point to a long safety record for their very dilute remedies. On the other hand, homeopaths assert that there are much greater risks in utilizing conventional medical treatments even when these treatments have been "scientifically verified" because medical history is replete with evidence that such verification changes dramatically with time.
| + | In den Universitätskliniken in Freiburg, Heidelberg, Tübingen und Ulm wurden im April und Mai rund 2.500 Kinder und jeweils ein Elternteil auf aktuelle oder überstandene SARS-CoV-2-Infektionen [https://www.klinikum.uni-heidelberg.de/newsroom/vorlaeufige-ergebnisse-der-eltern-kind-covid-19-studie-in-baden-wuerttemberg/ getestet]. Unter den knapp 5.000 Untersuchten fanden sich nur zwei Teilnehmer mit positivem PCR-Test und 64 weitere (davon 45 Erwachsene) mit nachgewiesenen Antikörpern gegen SARS-CoV-2, was auf eine überstandene Infektion mit dem Coronavirus hinweist. „Insgesamt scheinen Kinder demnach nicht nur seltener an COVID-19 zu erkranken, was schon länger bekannt ist, sondern auch seltener durch das SARS-CoV-2-Virus infiziert zu werden“, sagt Professor Klaus-Michael Debatin vom Uniklinikum Ulm. |
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− | There are many clinical trials and studies which show that homeopathy is effective<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Wassenhoven_2-0" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-Van_Wassenhoven-2 [3]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dr.Ramaanand_3-0" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-Dr.Ramaanand-3 [4]]</sup>.
| + | An der Uni-Kinderklinik in Bochum sind im Juli und August 750 Kinder mit teils schwerwiegenden Symptomen wie Fieber, Erbrechen oder langanhaltendem Husten per Abstrich auf das Coronavirus [https://www.ruhr24.de/ruhrgebiet/corona-bochum-uniklinik-studie-coronavirus-kinder-schule-ergebnis-covid-19-folke-brinkmann-13850864.html getestet worden]. Jedoch schlug der Test nur bei einem dieser 750 Kinder positiv aus. |
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− | == Principles ==
| + | Zur Wiederöffnung der Kindergärten hatte das Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf ab Anfang Juni insgesamt 5210 Personen in 115 Düsseldorfer Kitas (3955 Kinder und 1255 Beschäftigte) über einen Zeitraum von vier Wochen zweimal wöchentlich auf eine Infektion mit dem neuartigen Coronavirus [https://www.uniklinik-duesseldorf.de/ueber-uns/pressemitteilungen/detail/auswertung-kita-studie-duesseldorf-infektionen-im-normalbereich untersucht]. Dabei konnte nur eine Infektion in den Studienproben bei einem Kind gefunden werden. „Die bisherigen Studienergebnisse geben keinen Anlass davon auszugehen, dass von Kita-Kindern ein erhöhtes Infektionsrisiko ausgeht oder im Umfeld Infektionsketten ausgelöst werden, obwohl das geltende Abstandsgebot in der Kindertagesbetreuung nicht eingehalten werden kann“, kommentierte Familienminister Joachim Stamp (FDP). |
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− | Some principles of homeopathy have been utilized in various forms in various medical systems for thousands of years in many diverse cultures<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-4 [5]]</sup>, but they were first methodically set out by a German physician, [[Samuel_Hahnemann|Samuel Hahnemann]] (1755–1843), who observed that a medicine sometimes evoked symptoms similar to those of the illness for which it was prescribed. Related maxims such as the "Law of similars" are common in anthropological literature.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-5 [6]]</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Scofield_6-0" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-Scofield-6 [7]]</sup>
| + | Das Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf konnte in seiner [https://www.rnd.de/gesundheit/uke-studie-zu-covid-19-jungere-kinder-infizieren-sich-seltener-mit-coronavirus-Q4BF5SWPKRHVTHP6N5VSC4ILW4.html Studie] bei keinem (!) der 3.107 dort untersuchten Kinder und Jugendlichen per PCR-Test eine Infektion mit dem Coronavirus entdecken. 2.436 von ihnen wurden einem zusätzlichen Antikörperbluttest unterzogen: 36 Probanden hatten Antikörper gegen Sars-CoV-2 gebildet. |
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− | In traditional homeopathic theory, every person has a "vital force", with the power to promote healing and/or maintain good health. Homeopaths believe that this "vital force" is akin to what physiologists would call the body's "defense systems" or to ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Qi&action=edit&redlink=1 qi]''<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-7 [8]]</sup> in traditional Chinese medicine. In this theory, the signs and symptoms of a disease reflect efforts of the body to counter infection, or to resist damage from environmental toxins or from various stresses. Homeopathic treatment – it is claimed – attempts to strengthen this "vital force" with the help of remedies that are chosen for their ability (in large doses) to provoke the very symptoms that the remedy is intended to heal by stimulating the natural healing processes with the help of sub-physiological doses of a remedy.
| + | [https://www.mdr.de/sachsen/corona-studie-schule-sachsen-infektionen-antikoerper-100.html Eine weitere Schulstudie aus Sachsen], diesmal von der Universität Leipzig, kam im Sommer auf ganz ähnliche Ergebnisse. Unter 2.600 getesteten Schülern und Schulbediensteten sei kein einziger aktiver Corona-Fall und lediglich bei 14 Probanden frühere Infektionen festgestellt worden. „Die akute Ansteckung lag bei null“, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rf_OLxUfVkA&list=PL1eFyfyVP6gi_-dPN-WrKf9EXseCleDmS&index=89&t=0s sagte] Professor Wieland Kiess. Auch Studien aus Australien, Island, Großbritannien und den Niederlanden bestätigen dieses eindeutige Bild. |
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− | "Classical homeopathy" or "Hahnemannian homeopathy" refers to the original principles of this medical system in which a single remedy is chosen according to the physical, emotional, and mental symptoms that the sick individual is experiencing rather than only the diagnosis of a disease. Two basic principles are the '''principle of similars ("like cures like")''' and the '''principle of infinitesimals''' - the idea that remedies become more potent if they undergo a process called potentization, which consists of repeated dilutions with vigorous shaking (succusion) between each dilution. Individualization of treatment is essential in classical homeopathy, whereby a remedy is chosen based on the person's overall 'syndrome of symptoms', not just a generic disease diagnosis.
| + | === Trotz Entwarnung werden Maßnahmen verschärft === |
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− | "Commercial" or "user-friendly" homeopathy refers to the use of a mixture of remedies in a single formula containing individual ingredients that are generally chosen by the manufacturer for treating specific ailments.
| + | In einer Gesellschaft, deren politische Verantwortungsträger sehr viel von Wissenschaftlichkeit, Vernunft und Fakten halten, sollten diese Ergebnisse der medizinischen Corona-Forschung Grundlage für den weiteren Umgang mit Kindern und Jugendlichen bilden. Doch das Gegenteil geschieht: Die Ergebnisse werden faktisch ignoriert und die Regeln für Schüler aufrechterhalten oder sogar verschärft. Vor den Sommerferien gab es keine allgemeine Maskenpflicht an Schulen – nun gibt es sie. |
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− | == Overview == | + | Selbst Maskenbefürworter unter den Ärztefunktionären wie Susanne Johna vom Marburger Bund lehnen die Maskenpflicht im Unterricht ab. Wenn Abstand gehalten werde, ergebe diese Pflicht „überhaupt keinen Sinn und wäre eine überflüssige Behinderung“, sagte sie der Neuen Osnabrücker Zeitung. Kritische Ärzte wie die Kieler Universitätsprofessorin Karina Reiss gehen noch viel weiter und [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsgBM6yHBZ8&list=PL1eFyfyVP6ggI85z-OhX1ItFmdtesiTb2&index=9&t=777s fordern] sämtliche Corona-Maßnahmen wegen erwiesener Nutzlosigkeit zurückzunehmen. |
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− | Homeopaths assert that, in their view, the overall evidence for homeopathy, including clinical research, basic sciences research, historical usage of homeopathic medicines in the treatment of people in various infectious disease epidemics, and widespread and international usage of homeopathic medicines today, indeed provide extraordinary evidence for the benefits of this system.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-8 [9]]</sup>
| + | Verantwortliche Politiker wie die Ministerpräsidenten Bayerns und Nordrhein-Westfalens versuchen, sich in der medialen Öffentlichkeit als strenge und verantwortliche Landesväter zu inszenieren, weil dies offenbar Vorteile bei Meinungsumfragen bringt. Sie nutzen dazu ihre Macht über das Bildungssystem. Diese Profilierungssucht hat allerdings handfeste gesundheitliche Folgen für Kinder und Jugendliche. |
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− | Homeopathy has a rich history; many famous people over the past 200 years have been users and advocates of it<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-9 [10]]</sup>, and it is an important element in the history of medicine generally. The growth of homeopathy in the 19th century had a significant influence in determining how conventional medicine organised and developed, and in how it came to formulate its present vision of evidence-based medicine, in contrast to practice based on individual clinical experience.
| + | === Studien belegen negative Gesundheitsfolgen durch Lockdown === |
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− | Homeopaths are proud of their history and are convinced of the efficacy of their remedies. Homeopathic medicines are used by many people throughout the world; like many other complementary and alternative therapies, homeopathy generally scores highly in "patient satisfaction" surveys, and it has a reservoir of public support. In the U.K. for instance, one of the countries where homeopathy has relatively strong public support, a survey cited by the British Homeopathic Association found that 15% of the public "trust" homeopathy. This same survey also found higher percentages of trust in homeopathy in other countries: 58% Brazil, 53% Chile, 49% Saudi Arabia, 40% France, 28% Russia, 27% Germany, and 18% USA.
| + | Bereits mit dem Lockdown von Mitte März bis weit in den Mai fügte die Politik zahlreichen Kindern und Familien schweren Schaden zu, wie inzwischen ebenfalls mehrere wissenschaftliche Studien nachgewiesen haben. Ein kurzer Überblick: |
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− | === Historical origins ===
| + | Forscher des Universitätsklinikums Hamburg-Eppendorf [https://www.uke.de/allgemein/presse/pressemitteilungen/detailseite_96962.html befragten] im Mai und Juni 1.000 Kinder und Jugendliche zwischen 11 und 17 Jahren sowie mehr als 1.500 Eltern per Online-Fragebogen. Ergebnis: Die Lebensqualität der Kinder und Jugendlichen in Deutschland sei erheblich gesunken. Viele Befragte hätten von psychischen und psychosomatischen Auffälligkeiten berichtet. „Wir haben mit einer Verschlechterung des psychischen Wohlbefindens in der Krise gerechnet. Dass sie allerdings so deutlich ausfällt, hat auch uns überrascht“, sagte Studienleiterin Ulrike Ravens-Sieberer. |
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− | For more information, see: [[History_of_Homeopathy|History of Homeopathy]]''.''
| + | Die Kinder und Jugendlichen machten sich laut der Studie mehr Sorgen als früher und zeigen häufiger Auffälligkeiten wie Hyperaktivität (24 Prozent), emotionale Probleme (21 Prozent) und Verhaltensprobleme (19 Prozent). Auch psychosomatische Beschwerden träten während der Corona-Krise vermehrt auf. Neben Gereiztheit (54 Prozent) und Einschlafproblemen (44 Prozent) seien das etwa Kopf- und Bauchschmerzen (40 beziehungsweise 31 Prozent). |
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− | The early Greek physician [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Hippocrates_of_Cos&action=edit&redlink=1 Hippocrates of Cos] (c. 450 BCE - 380 BCE)<sup id="cite_ref-Hippo1_10-0" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-Hippo1-10 [11]]</sup>, who is considered to be the "father of medicine", is also claimed by homeopaths as a pioneer in their own tradition—notably because Hippocrates taught that "Natural forces within us are the true healers of disease," but also because he thought that some diseases could be cured by the same things that caused them—arguably an early expression of the principle of similars.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-11 [12]]</sup> In the 16th century the pioneer of pharmacology [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Paracelsus&action=edit&redlink=1 Paracelsus] declared that small doses of “what makes a man ill also cures him", anticipating homeopathy.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-12 [13]]</sup> It was not until the late 18th century, however, that this theory was coupled with an experimental method to determine in detail what symptoms a substance causes and thereby what a particular medicine might cure. This experimental method was developed by the German physician Samuel Hahnemann with his method of "provings"—studies of the effects, in humans, of high dosages.
| + | Für zwei Drittel der Kinder und Jugendlichen seien die Schule und das Lernen nach Ende des Lockdowns anstrengender als zuvor. Sie hätten Probleme, den schulischen Alltag zu bewältigen und empfänden diesen teilweise als extrem belastend, erklärte Professorin Ravens-Sieberer. Auch in den Familien habe sich die Stimmung verschlechtert: 27 Prozent der Kinder und Jugendlichen und 37 Prozent der Eltern berichteten, dass sie sich häufiger stritten als vor der Corona-Krise. |
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− | In 1783, disillusioned with the medicine of his time and the many toxic effects of its treatments, Hahnemann, who knew nine languages, gave up his medical practice and devoted himself to translating medical books, including many of the leading textbooks of the day. Among them was the ''Treatise on [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Materia_Medica Materia Medica]'' (1789) by [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=William_Cullen&action=edit&redlink=1 William Cullen], the leading physician of the 18th century. Cullen had written that cinchona bark (which contains [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Quinine&action=edit&redlink=1 quinine]) was effective in treating [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Malaria&action=edit&redlink=1 malaria] because of its bitter and astringent properties. Hahnemann questioned this theory because he knew that other substances were as bitter and astringent, but had no therapeutic value in this deadly disease.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-13 [14]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_14-0" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-Timeline-14 [15]]</sup>
| + | Die oben bereits erwähnte Schulstudie aus Leipzig untersuchte auch die psychischen Folgen der Schulschließungen. Die Wissenschaftler registrierten bei den 900 befragten Jungen und Mädchen einen Verlust von Fröhlichkeit und Lebensqualität, die Zunahme von Fernseh- und Computernutzung sowie einen Anstieg von Zukunftssorgen. Auch die staatliche PR erreicht die Schüler. „Über ein Fünftel der Kinder findet, dass das Leben nie wieder so sein wird wie vor Covid-19“, sagte Professor Wieland Kiess. |
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− | [[Samuel_Hahnemann|Hahnemann]] observed from his experiments with cinchona bark, used as a treatment for malaria, that the effects he experienced from ingesting the bark were similar to the symptoms of malaria. He therefore reasoned that cure proceeds through similarity, and that treatments must be able to produce symptoms in healthy individuals similar to those of the disease being treated. Through further experiments with other substances, Hahnemann observed the same results and therefore conceived of the law of similars, otherwise known as "let like be cured by like" (Latin: similia similibus curentur) as a fundamental healing principle. He believed that by inducing a syndrome of symptoms similar to the disease through the use of a remedy, the [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Vis_medicatrix_naturae&action=edit&redlink=1 vis medicatrix naturae] or natural healing processes of the body would get stimulated enough to neutralise and expel the original disease and that this artificial disturbance would naturally subside when the remedy was no longer being taken. It is based on the idea that a substance that in large doses will produce symptoms of a specific disease will, in extremely small doses, cure it. He used his experiments and the principle of similars to develop a new system of health care, as an alternative to the often toxic and ineffective drugs and treatments offered by conventional physicians of the time.
| + | Die Betriebskrankenkasse Pronova BKK [https://www.pronovabkk.de/presse/pressemitteilungen/corona-krise-kinder-in-seelischen-noeten.html befragte] 150 niedergelassene Kinderärzte zu den körperlichen und seelischen Folgen von Lockdown und Homeschooling für ihre kleinen Patienten. 89 Prozent der Kinderärzte beobachten vermehrt psychische Probleme. 37 Prozent diagnostizieren eine Zunahme körperlicher Beschwerden. Besonders betroffen seien Kinder ab sechs Jahren. |
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− | Hahnemann named his system of health care "homoeopathy" (meaning "like disease") - but most people now spell it "homeopathy" - and coined the term "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Allopathy&action=edit&redlink=1 allopathy]" ("different than disease") to refer to the conventional medicine ''of the day'', because its drugs were sometimes "similar," sometimes "opposite," but usually just "different" to the symptoms of the sick person.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-15 [16]]</sup> For the first two decades of Hahnemann's practice of homeopathy, he used "crude" doses of various medicinal substances ("crude", in homeopathic use, means doses that still contain some of the original ingredient). He strove to find the lowest doses at which his remedies would still be effective, as he thought this the best way to avoid any adverse side-effects. To his surprise, it seemed that reducing the dose did not reduce the effectiveness of his treatments. Instead, he concluded that his remedies worked better the more he diluted them as long as he “potentized” them, i.e. serial dilution followed by vigorous shaking (succussion). Homeopathy thus became inextricably linked with this process of [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Ultradilution&action=edit&redlink=1 ultradilution]—repeated dilution of substances followed by succussion. Hahnemann did not offer a clear explanation as to how or why these potentized medicines might have therapeutic benefits; he distrusted all theoretical explanations and argued that all that mattered was whether a treatment was therapeutically effective.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-16 [17]]</sup>. He believed that diseases were caused by "spirit-like derangements of the spirit-like power that animates the human body", beginning with 'indispositions' and that effective healing called for medicines that would stimulate this life force to reestablish [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Homeostasis&action=edit&redlink=1 homeostasis] and health.
| + | Jeder zweite Kinderarzt habe bei seinen Patienten zunehmende Verhaltensänderungen wie Antriebslosigkeit, Reizbarkeit und Angststörungen beobachtet. Rund 45 Prozent der Ärzte nahmen steigende Zahlen von Kindern mit Schlafstörungen, Bauchschmerzen und Depressionen wahr. Der Lockdown könnte demnach auch langfristige Folgen haben: Knapp 40 Prozent der Ärzte erkannten Anzeichen für motorische und geistige Entwicklungsverzögerungen bei ihren Patienten zwischen 3 und 13 Jahren. |
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− | Homeopathy was introduced into the U.S.A. in 1825 by [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Hans_Burch_Gram&action=edit&redlink=1 Hans Burch Gram], a [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&redlink=1 Boston]-born doctor who had studied homeopathy in [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Europe&action=edit&redlink=1 Europe]. In 1830, the first homeopathic schools opened (the first homeopathic medical college in the U.S.A. opened in 1835, in [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Allentown,_Pennsylvania&action=edit&redlink=1 Allentown, Pennsylvania]), and throughout the 19th century dozens of homeopathic institutions appeared in Europe and the U.S.A. Apart from his ventures into homeopathy, Hahnemann had been a prominent and respected public health reformer, and in the 1830s the Medical Society of the Country of New York had granted him honorary membership. However, a few years later the society rescinded this when they realized the "ideological and financial threat" that homeopathic medicine posed.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-17 [18]]</sup> In 1844, the first U.S. national medical association - the [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=American_Institute_of_Homoeopathy&action=edit&redlink=1 American Institute of Homoeopathy] - was established.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-18 [19]]</sup> By the end of the 19th century, 8% of American medical practitioners were homeopaths, and there were 20 homeopathic medical colleges (including [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Boston_University&action=edit&redlink=1 Boston University], [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=New_York_Medical_College&action=edit&redlink=1 New York Medical College], and the Universities of [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Ohio_State_University&action=edit&redlink=1 Ohio State],[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=University_of_Iowa&action=edit&redlink=1 Iowa], [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=University_of_Minnesota&action=edit&redlink=1 Minnesota] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&redlink=1 Michigan]) and more than 100 homeopathic hospitals in the U.S.A. One reason for the growing popularity of homeopathy was its relative success in treating people suffering from the infectious disease epidemics that raged at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-19 [20]]</sup> [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Cholera&action=edit&redlink=1 Cholera], [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Scarlet_fever&action=edit&redlink=1 scarlet fever], [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Typhoid_fever&action=edit&redlink=1 typhoid fever], and [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Yellow_fever&action=edit&redlink=1 yellow fever] were rampant and killed many people, but death rates in homeopathic hospitals were often very much lower than in the conventional hospitals, which did nothing to combat them. Death rates in conventional hospitals were typically two- to eight-fold higher than in homeopathic hospitals for patients with these infectious diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-20 [21]]</sup>
| + | === Die Eltern und der Lockdown === |
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− | In the early 20th century, the "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Flexner_Report&action=edit&redlink=1 Flexner Report]," sponsored by the [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Carnegie_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1 Carnegie Foundation] with support from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=American_Medical_Association&action=edit&redlink=1 American Medical Association], triggered major changes in American medical education. As a result, many medical schools and colleges, including those teaching homeopathy were closed down, while others became conventional medical schools (including Hahnemann Medical College, Boston University, New York Medical College, and Ohio State University). In the 1960s, the popularity of homeopathy began to revive again in the U.S.A, and a 1999 survey reported that over 6 million Americans had used homeopathy in the previous 12 months. According to the American Homeopathic Pharmaceutical Association, the 1995 retail sales of homeopathic remedies in the U.S.A. were estimated at $201 million and growing at a 20% per year; the number of homeopathic practitioners in the U.S.A. increased from fewer than 200 in the 1970s to approximately 3,000 in 1996.
| + | Zudem entstanden im Frühjahr weitere Studien, die auch die Folgen für Eltern sowie für den Familienalltag insgesamt mit einbeziehen. Die Universität Hildesheim und die Goethe-Universität Frankfurt haben von Ende April bis Anfang Mai 25.000 Mütter und Väter zu den Auswirkungen des Lockdowns [https://aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de/forschung/erste-ergebnisse-aus-der-studie-kico-die-familien-als-seismograph-der-krise/ befragt]. Vor allem haben sich erwerbstätige Mütter beteiligt. Sie berichten von Schuldgefühlen gegenüber ihren Kindern und dem Arbeitgeber, weil sie alles gleichzeitig managen müssten. Die befragten Eltern versuchten ihren Kindern Rückzugsmöglichkeiten zu Hause zu ermöglichen, für sich selbst hätten sie diese häufig nicht, schreiben die Wissenschaftler. |
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− | === Homeopathic provings ===
| + | In der Studie des Deutschen Jugendinstituts (DJI) aus München [https://www.dji.de/veroeffentlichungen/aktuelles/news/article/758-wie-sich-die-corona-krise-auf-kinder-und-eltern-auswirkt.html heißt es] , Familien mit einer angespannten finanziellen Situation schätzten die Belastung ihrer Kinder deutlich höher ein als diejenigen, die mehr Geld zur Verfügung hätten (51 Prozent vs. 30 Prozent). Auch Eltern mit maximal mittlerem formalem Bildungsabschluss geben zu einem höheren Anteil an, dass ihre Kinder nicht gut mit der Situation zurechtkommen. Die Daten zeigten, „wie wichtig es für das Wohlbefinden der Kinder ist, dass es auch den Eltern gut geht“. |
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− | For more information, see: [[Remedy_Provings|Homeopathic provings]]
| + | Der Kinderschutzbund Thüringen und die Fachhochschule Erfurt kamen [https://www.dksbthueringen.de/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/Pressemitteilungen/PM_20-04-27_Befrag-Th.Fam-Corona_final.pdf bei ihrer Studie] im April zu dem Ergebnis, dass besonders fehlende soziale Kontakte eine Belastung für die Familien darstellten. Fast 80 Prozent der 3.000 befragten Eltern äußerten, dass ihr Kind etwas vermisse. Dazu zählten vor allem Spielpartner, Freunde und Großeltern. Zudem hätten viele Kinder Sorgen und Zukunftsängste in Bezug auf die eigene und auf die Gesundheit von Familienmitgliedern. |
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− | Homeopathic practitioners determine the specific therapeutic indications for their remedies from experiments in toxicology called ''provings,'' in which volunteers are given repeated doses of substances (usually in single-blind or double-blind trials), until symptoms of overdose are observed. The effects of each medicinal substance are recorded in textbooks, called ''Materia Medica''<sup id="cite_ref-Boericke-Materia_21-0" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-Boericke-Materia-21 [22]]</sup> and ''Repertory'',<sup id="cite_ref-Boericke-Repertory_22-0" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-Boericke-Repertory-22 [23]]</sup> or nowadays in expert system software. Homeopathic provings provide an experimental basis to determine what a substance causes in overdose and thereby what it is thought to cure. The symptom complexes that these substances cause are subsequently used to compare with a patient's physical and psychological symptoms in order to select, as the appropriate most similar ''remedy'', the substance whose effects are closest to the patient's symptoms—called the "simillimum".
| + | Letzteres dürfte Folge der massiven Angstkampagne durch Regierung und Leitmedien sein. |
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− | Homeopaths prescribe a remedy (in potentized doses) when a sick person has a syndrome of symptoms that resemble the syndrome of symptoms that it causes in drug proving. The recorded symptoms need to be interpreted by an experienced homeopath to understand the conditions for which the remedy might be considered as possibly useful.
| + | === Folgen waren absehbar, politischer Lerneffekt gleich null === |
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− | In September 2006 the U.K.’s licensing body, the ''Medicine and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency'', altered their regulations to permit homeopathic remedies to be advertised using homeopathic provings to support their claims (justifying phrasing such as “For the relief of...”. This change elicited protests from scientists, who called it a departure from the principle that such claims should be justified by evidence of efficacy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-23 [24]]</sup>
| + | Die zahlreichen negativen Auswirkungen des Lockdowns auf Kinder und Familien waren für Politiker allerdings auch ohne jede wissenschaftliche Forschung bereits im Vorfeld absehbar. Die chinesischen Erfahrungen in Wuhan – etwa die stark gestiegene häusliche Gewalt – wurden hierzulande früh thematisiert. Die Gefahren für Kinder und Familien waren jedoch unerheblich für politische Entscheidungen. Umso erschreckender ist dies, da doch laut Artikel 6 des Grundgesetzes die Familie „unter dem besonderen Schutze der staatlichen Ordnung“ stehen soll. |
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− | === Homeopathic manufacture of remedies ===
| + | Haben Regierungsverantwortliche aus dem Lockdown gelernt? Was Kinder und Familien angeht, muss diese Frage mit „nein“ beantwortet werden. Auch nach einem halben Jahr warten Familien noch immer auf staatliche Unterstützungsleistungen. Nicht mal die angekündigte kleine Kindergelderhöhung wurde bislang ausgezahlt. Zudem drohen Politiker regelmäßig mit einem zweiten Lockdown in Herbst und Winter. Auch aktuell werden bei positiven Corona-Tests Klassen, Schulen oder Kindergärten geschlossen und damit örtlich immer wieder hunderte Familien in Quarantäne – also in zweiwöchige Individual-Lockdowns – gezwungen. |
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− | In the U.S.A., the ''Homœopathic Pharmacopœia of the United States''<sup id="cite_ref-HPUS_24-0" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-HPUS-24 [25]]</sup> is a legally recognized handbook that describes how to manufacture homeopathic drugs. This reference is approved by the [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Food_and_Drug_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1 Food and Drug Administration] (FDA), the governmental agency that regulates drugs. Medicines listed in the HPUS defines them as homeopathic drugs which grants them a different standard of drug regulation<sup id="cite_ref-x21CFR_25-0" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-x21CFR-25 [26]]</sup> than conventional drugs and medical devices. A summary describes the principles:
| + | === Was sind die Folgen der neuen Maßnahmen? === |
− | <blockquote>
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− | FDA regulates homeopathic drugs in several significantly different ways from other drugs. The Manufacturers of homeopathic drugs are deferred from submitting [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=New_drug_application&action=edit&redlink=1 new drug applications] to FDA. Their products are exempt from good manufacturing practice requirements related to expiration dating and from finished product testing for identity and strength. Homeopathic drugs in solid oral dosage form must have an imprint that identifies the manufacturer and which indicates that the drug is homeopathic.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA-HP_26-0" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-FDA-HP-26 [27]]</sup>
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− | </blockquote>
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− | In 1938, the federal [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Food,_Drug,_and_Cosmetic_Act&action=edit&redlink=1 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act], sponsored by New York Senator [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Royal_Copeland&action=edit&redlink=1 Royal Copeland], a homeopathic physician (and former homeopathic medical school dean), gave the FDA the power to regulate drugs and granted legal recognition to the "Homeopathic Pharmacopeia of the United States" as a compendium of drugs. In contrast, non-homeopathic drugs for which a [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=New_Drug_Application&action=edit&redlink=1 New Drug Application] is required must be accompanied by approved evidence of safety and efficacy; simple listing in a reference is not sufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA-HP_26-1" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-FDA-HP-26 [27]]</sup> Today, homeopaths use about 3,000 different remedies, from animal, plant, mineral, or synthetic sources.
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− | By convention, the first letter of the Latin-derived name of such preparations is capitalized. When the source is well-defined, the traditional name rather than [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Chemical_name&action=edit&redlink=1 chemical], [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=International_Nonproprietary_Name&action=edit&redlink=1 International Nonproprietary Name] or biological nomenclature, is preferred, such as ''Natrum muriaticum'' rather than ''sodium chloride''. Ultimately, any substance can become a homeopathic medicine if "drug provings" (tests to determine the symptoms produced by toxic doses) are first conducted to determine what it causes in overdose and therefore what it can cure in potentized doses. Remedies used in homeopathy are commonly made from plants, trees, fungi, and algae,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-27 [28]]</sup> as well as from a wide variety of mineral and animal sources. Even some unusual substances, called imponderables, can and are made into homeopathic medicines, including electricity, X-ray, and magnetic north and south poles.
| + | Die neuartigen Maßnahmen wie Maskentragen und Distanzierung, die nun in Schulen, Kitas und bei Freizeitveranstaltungen herrschen, werden von den Landesregierungen als Mittel zur Verhinderung eines weiteren Lockdowns verkauft. Nach den oben genannten Studien zur Nicht-Infektiosität von Kindern erscheint die Gefahr jedoch an den Haaren herbeigezogen und die Vorgaben der Landespolitiker sind dementsprechend absurd. |
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− | Homeopathic remedies are available in several different forms (single medicine, homeopathic formula or complex medicines, and a limited number of external applications). Remedies for internal consumption come either in pill form or as liquid. Most do not require a doctor's prescription, but some may need one if the dosage is in a non-potentized or low potency dose and if the substance is potentially toxic (in Europe, a medicine must be diluted at least 1:10 three times to be deemed homeopathic). In the U.S.A., if a homeopathic remedy is claimed to treat a serious disease such as cancer, it can be sold only by prescription. Only products sold for “self-limiting conditions” — colds, coughs, fever, headaches, and other minor health problems — can be sold without a prescription (over-the-counter).
| + | Während der Nutzen sich also nahe null bewegt, dürften die mittel- und langfristigen Folgen dieser Maßnahmen gravierend sein. Es geht dabei etwa um folgende Fragen: Wie wirken sich Maske und Distanz auf die Wehrhaftigkeit des kindlichen Immunsystems aus? Was werden die Folgen von eingeschränkten Sport- und Bewegungsmöglichkeiten und gleichzeitig gesteigertem Medienkonsum sein? Was löst der zunehmende Familienstress in der bevorstehenden Wirtschaftskrise aus? Welche Folgen hat es für die kindliche Sozialisation, wenn andere Menschen als permanente Ansteckungs- und Gefahrenquellen wahrgenommen werden? Was bedeutet es, wenn Kitas, Schulen und Vereine ihren Fokus dauerhaft und verstärkt auf Verhaltenskontrolle legen müssen anstatt auf Lerninhalte, Spiele und Vermittlungsmethoden? Welche Auswirkungen für das kindliche Miteinander hat andauernde körperliche Distanzierung zu anderen Kindern? |
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− | === Preparation of homeopathic remedies === | + | === Fachverbände verweigern Antworten === |
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− | The most characteristic principle of homeopathy is that the efficacy of a remedy can be enhanced and its side-effects reduced by a process known as "dynamization" or "potentization". In this process, liquids are diluted (with water or ethanol) and shaken by ten hard strikes against an elastic body ("succussion"), to get the next, succeeding higher potency. For this, Hahnemann had a saddlemaker construct a wooden "striking board", covered in leather on one side and stuffed with horsehair.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-28 [29]]</sup> When insoluble solids such as oyster shell<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-29 [30]]</sup> are used for remedies, they are diluted by grinding them with [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Lactose&action=edit&redlink=1 lactose] ("[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Trituration&action=edit&redlink=1 trituration]"). The original serial dilutions by Hahnemann used a 1 part in 100 (centesimal; "C" potencies), or 1 part in 50,000 (quintamillesimal; "LM" or "L" potencies). Dr. Constantine Hering of Philadelphia later introduced the Decimal potencies ("D" or "X" potencies). A large number of homeopathic medicines sold in health food stores and pharmacies are "low potencies," that is, doses that are 3X, 3C, 6X, 6C, 12X, and 12C, all of which, except the last dose, have material doses of the original substances in the medicine. The higher potencies (30, 200, 1,000 and higher) are more commonly prescribed by professional homeopaths, and typically homeopaths have found these doses to be powerful enough to only need a single dose to have a long-term effect (from several weeks to several months or longer). Research studies that determine the efficacy of homeopathic medicines are discussed elsewhere in this article.
| + | ''Multipolar'' hat rund ein Dutzend Experten für Kindermedizin, Pädagogik und Psychologie angefragt, um fundierte Antworten auf diese und weitere Fragen zu den Folgen der Corona-Maßnahmen in Schulen und Kitas zu erhalten. Da die Institutionen sich den Schutz und die Gesundheit von Kindern auf die Fahnen geschrieben haben, sollten sie ein Interesse daran haben, sich hierzu unmissverständlich und öffentlich zu äußern. Doch es scheint zur „Neuen Normalität“ zur gehören, dass sich Verantwortliche aus Angst vor Konsequenzen in vorauseilendem Gehorsam wegducken. Nach zahlreichen E-Mail- und Telefonnachfragen lauteten die Antworten wie folgt: |
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− | The dilution factor at each stage is 1:100 ("C" potencies), 1:50,000 ("LM" potencies) or 1:10 ("D" or "X" potencies) ; Hahnemann advocated <math>30C</math> dilutions for most purposes (i.e. dilution by a factor of 100<sup>30</sup> = 10<sup>60</sup>). The number of [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Molecule&action=edit&redlink=1 molecules] in a given weight of a substance can be calculated by [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Avogadro's_number&action=edit&redlink=1 Avogadro's number] (see the section "Attempts to provide a scientific foundation for homeopathy" below), and it is extremely unlikely that even one molecule of the original substance would be present in a <math>30C</math> dilution. Thus, homeopathic remedies of a high "potency"' contain just water, but according to homeopaths, the structure of the water has been altered (see [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Memory_of_water&action=edit&redlink=1 memory of water]).
| + | * |
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− | "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Classical_homeopathy&action=edit&redlink=1 Classical homeopathy]" or "Hahnemannian homeopathy" refers to the original principles of this medical system in which a single remedy is chosen according to the physical, emotional, and mental symptoms that the sick individual is experiencing rather than only the diagnosis of a disease. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Commercial_homeopathy&action=edit&redlink=1 Commercial]" or "user-friendly" homeopathy refers to the use of a mixture of remedies in a single formula containing individual ingredients that are generally chosen by the manufacturer for treating specific ailments. Such homeopathic remedies are used by consumers all over the world for self-treatment of common self-limiting ailments and injuries.
| + | „Ich bedaure, wir haben nicht die personellen Kapazitäten zur Beantwortung derart umfangreicher Fragenkataloge.“ - ''Juliane Wlodarczak, Pressesprecherin Deutscher Kinderschutzbund Bundesverband'' |
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− | === Similia similibus curentur – the law of similars ===
| + | * |
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− | ''Similia similibus curentur'' or "let likes cure likes", is the assertion that a disease/problem can be cured by remedies that (in macroscopic, milligram doses) produce the same symptoms as those of the disease. This assertion, known as "the law of similars", is a guiding principle in homeopathy. Homeopaths consider that two conventional concepts, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Vaccination&action=edit&redlink=1 vaccination], and [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Hormesis&action=edit&redlink=1 hormesis], can be considered as analogous to homeopathy's law of similars and the use of small doses.
| + | „Da die Arbeitsinhalte unseres Verbandes weniger die medizinisch-fachlichen Themen sind, empfehle ich Ihnen, sich mit Ihren Fragen an die medizinische Fachgesellschaft DGKJ oder unseren Dachverband DAKJ zu wenden.“ - ''Jochen Scheel, Gesellschaft der Kinderkrankenhäuser und Kinderabteilungen in Deutschland'' |
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− | Scientists and medical doctors today do not think that the principle of similars is generally true or useful, and they explain the efficacy of vaccination without referring to it. Physicians of the 19th century however did consider that the principle could be valuable. For example, Emil Adolph von Behring (1854-1917)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-30 [31]]</sup>, who won the first Nobel Prize in medicine in 1901 for discoveries that led to vaccines against tetanus and diphtheria, and who some consider to be the father of immunology, asserted that vaccination is, in part, derived from the homeopathic principle of similars.
| + | * |
− | <blockquote>
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− | In spite of all scientific speculations and experiments regarding smallpox vaccination, Jenner’s discovery remained an erratic block in medicine, till the biochemically thinking Pasteur, devoid of all medical classroom knowledge, traced the origin of this therapeutic block to a principle which cannot better be characterized than by Hahnemann’s word: homeopathic. <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-31 [32]]</sup>
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− | </blockquote>
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− | There are many different mechanisms by which tolerance can develop - and exposure to repeated small doses does not always result in tolerance. A herpetologist who receives many small doses of snake venom may indeed become tolerant to them. A beekeeper, however, may become ''hypersensitive'' to the venom and, after receiving a sting, go into anaphylaxis. This type of response to small, not necessarily precisely measured, doses is not predictable on an individual basis. "Allergic desensitization" is a technique used in conventional medicine to treat individuals who have a specific allergy to something that they cannot easily avoid. This involves exposing the patient repeatedly to tightly controlled doses, increasing the doses gradually over time. This treatment can be dangerous (exposure of sensitive individuals to an allergen can produce anaphylaxis), and it has very inconsistent efficacy, so is normally only attempted when the allergy poses serious restrictions on the patient's normal life.
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− | Both mithridatization and homeopathy might be considered as instances of hormesis, which describes the phenomenon that some chemicals at high concentrations have opposite biological effects to those at low concentrations. <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-33 [34]]</sup>
| + | „Vor diesem Hintergrund bitten wir daher um Verständnis, dass wir von einer Beantwortung Ihrer Fragen absehen müssen." - ''Dr. Christian Fricke, stellvertretender Generalsekretär, Deutsche Akademie für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin (DAKJ)'' |
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− | Recent research has shown that some conventional drugs, which are normally used to do something, can lead to the opposite effect, when stopped - a rebound effect<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-34 [35]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-35 [36]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-36 [37]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-37 [38]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-38 [39]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-39 [40]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-40 [41]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-41 [42]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-42 [43]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-43 [44]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-44 [45]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-45 [46]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-46 [47]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-47 [48]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-48 [49]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-49 [50]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-50 [51]]</sup>; homeopathy uses the rebound effect of a remedy to stimulate natural healing.
| + | * |
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− | == Homeopathy in practice ==
| + | „Für die Beantwortung dieser Fragen ist die DGKH nicht der geeignete Ansprechpartner. Ich bedaure daher, Ihnen für die Beantwortung nicht zur Verfügung stehen zu können." - ''Dr. Peter Walger, Arzt für Innere Medizin, Intensivmedizin, Infektiologe; Vorstand Deutsche Gesellschaft für Krankenhaushygiene'' |
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− | Users of homeopathy gain access to it in a number of ways: in some countries, it is sold over-the-counter in both pharmacies and health food or other retail outlets that cater towards those seeking alternative medicine. Many people approach a homeopath: some countries allow homeopaths to describe themselves in equivalent ways to doctors, with a system of qualification and oversight. In India, homeopathy has the status of a 'national system' of medicine. In the United Kingdom, physicians can refer patients to homeopaths in some areas, and there are a number of homeopathic hospitals.
| + | Andere Ansprechpartner erklärten, sie seien im Urlaub oder die Presseanfrage sei „untergegangen“. Manche erklärten ihre Nicht-Zuständigkeit. Andere wie etwa die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin (DGKJ) verwiesen nur auf veröffentlichte allgemeine Konsenspapiere, in denen jedoch keine der konkreten Fragen beantwortet wird. Weitere Angefragte – etwa Pädagoginnen und Psychologinnen von verschiedenen Unis – sind komplett abgetaucht. |
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− | In addition to those homeopathic remedies prescribed in the professions practicing homeopathy, remedies are used by consumers all over the world for self-treatment of common self-limiting ailments and injuries. Some medical doctors, particularly in Germany, France, and several other European countries prescribe homeopathic medicines for wide variety of both self-limiting conditions and serious diseases with a high rate of patient satisfaction. Other physicians work with patients who self-prescribe homeopathic remedies or receive them from other practitioners.
| + | Beachtlich ist dies auch, weil viele der persönlich angefragten Experten in den etablierten Medien regelmäßig ihre Statements abgeben. Bemerkenswert ist zudem, dass alle hauptberuflichen Erzieher und Lehrer, die ''Multipolar'' zusätzlich angefragt hatte und deren Informationen in diesen Text eingegangen sind, aus Angst vor beruflichen Konsequenzen nur anonym zitiert werden wollten. |
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− | There are no universal standards for homeopathic education, so licensing and regulation varies from country to country and from state to state within the U.S.A. In some countries, all (or virtually all) professionals that use homeopathic treatments are MDs (such as France, Spain, Argentina, Colombia)<sup id="cite_ref-Knipschild1990_51-0" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-Knipschild1990-51 [52]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fisher1994_52-0" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-Fisher1994-52 [53]]</sup>. Some countries have exclusively homeopathic medical schools (India, Pakistan, Mexico etc.), some have naturopathic medicine colleges in which students are taught homeopathy as part of their curriculum (Germany has its "Heilpraktiker"/health practitioners; the U.S.A., Canada, and Australia have naturopathic medicine schools that include homeopathy), and some countries certify "professional homeopaths" who have attended homeopathic schools and who then pass independent examinations that grant "certification" as homeopaths. In the U.S.A., there is also a separate certification process available only to MDs and DOs (there are similar choices of certification available in the U.K. for medical doctors, who've done at least MBBS). Also in the U.S.A., naturopathic physicians have their own homeopathic certifying agency.
| + | Dies ist eine Situation, die der Autor dieses Artikels während seiner gesamten journalistischen Tätigkeit noch nicht erlebt hat. Die These sei erlaubt: Der brachiale öffentliche Druck, den Politik und Medien beim Thema Corona erzeugt haben, hat offensichtlich ein gesellschaftliches Klima extremer Angst hervorgerufen, das inzwischen geradezu inquisitorische Ausmaße annimmt. Nur wenige Fachleute haben den Mut, sich öffentlich kritisch zu äußern. |
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− | In Europe homeopathy is practiced by many conventional physicians, including 30-40% of French doctors and 20% of German doctors. Some homeopathic treatment is partly covered by some European public health services, including in France and Denmark. In France, 35% of the costs of homeopathic medicine prescribed by a medical doctor are reimbursed from health insurance. In the U.K., five homeopathic hospitals are funded by the National Health Service (NHS) and homeopathic remedies are sold over the counter, and there, homeopathy is one of the most popular alternative and complementary treatment modalities.
| + | === Ein Psychotherapeut antwortet === |
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− | In 2007, the over-the-counter market in homeopathy was around £40million in the U.K. <sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-53 [54]]</sup>; the total over-the-counter market was £1.2 billion in 1994. Family doctors in the U.K. issued 796 million prescriptions in 2007, of which 49,300 were for homeopathic remedies, down from 83,000 in 2005. <sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-54 [55]]</sup> In January 2008, it was reported that the NHS was progressively withdrawing funding for homeopathic treatments because of doubts about their efficacy <sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-55 [56]]</sup>. Of 248,000 registered practitioners of medicine in the U.K., about 400 are members of the Faculty of Homeopathy. However, homeopathy is still not a fully regulated profession in the U.K.—anyone can declare themselves to be a homeopath and practice without any qualification ("common law" that allows freedom of choice in medical care in England has a long history) <sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-56 [57]]</sup>
| + | Nur ein einziger Experte hat die Fragen zu den Folgen beantwortet. Der Kinder- und Jugendlichenpsychotherapeut Uwe Brandes vom Winnicott-Institut in Hannover erläuterte, dass er wegen der langen Warteliste bislang nur mit Patienten aus der Vor-Corona-Zeit zu tun hatte. Beim Blick auf bisherige Ambulanztelefonate habe er nicht festgestellt, dass vermehrt Patienten mit Ängsten angemeldet würden. Zu den langfristigen Folgen der Maßnahmen sagt Brandes: |
| + | <blockquote> |
| + | „Ich vermute, dass sich die Schere in unserer Gesellschaft weiter spreizen wird. In ‚Bildungsbürgerfamilien‘ wird es kein Problem sein, die Einschränkungen auszugleichen, in der Schule am Ball zu bleiben etc. Die Familien, die schon vor der Krise auf Hilfen von außen angewiesen waren, werden sich weiterhin nicht ausreichend um ihre Kinder kümmern können. Fehlen dann noch Betreuungsangebote, strukturierende Hilfen, werden diese Kinder in ihrer Entwicklung stark behindert. Ich vermute, dass diese Kinder (mehr als andere) krankheitswertige Symptome entwickeln werden, die sich über die Zeit verfestigen und im normalen psychotherapeutischen Setting nicht mehr behandeln lassen. Um das zu verhindern, brauchen wir Konzepte, die diese benachteiligten Familien/Kinder in den Blick nehmen und für Ausgleich sorgen.“ |
| + | </blockquote> |
| + | === Andere Kinderärzte sprechen Klartext === |
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− | In France and Denmark licenses are required to diagnose any illness or to dispense any product whose purpose is to treat illness.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_57-0" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-WHO-57 [58]]</sup> In many countries, however, there are no specific legal regulations concerning homeopathy. In Austria, the public health service generally requires proof of effectiveness to reimburse medical treatments, but makes an exception for homeopathy.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_57-1" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-WHO-57 [58]]</sup> | + | Immerhin äußern sich auch kritische Mediziner außerhalb der Fachverbände in privaten Initiativen zu den Folgen der Corona-Maßnahmen für Kinder. Und sie finden klare Worte. In NRW kritisierten Ärzte [https://www1.wdr.de/nachrichten/ruhrgebiet/offener-brief-gegen-mundschutzpflicht-an-schulen-100.pdf in einem offenen Brief] an NRW-Bildungsministerin Yvonne Gebauer (FDP) die Maskenpflicht als „entwicklungsgefährdenden“ Einschnitt in die Erziehung, das Lernen und die Sozialentwicklung von Schülern. Die Gesamtheit der Maßnahmen erzeuge Angststörungen, Schlafstörungen und Verhaltensstörungen wie etwa die Entwicklung eines Waschzwangs bei den Kindern. Die Ärzte seien in ihren Praxen nun vermehrt mit solchen Folgen konfrontiert. „Nichts haben Kinder in diesen Monaten intensiver gelernt als: Ich bin eine Gefahr für andere und andere sind eine Gefahr für mich!“, heißt es in dem Schreiben. |
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− | In India, where there are more than 300,000 registered practitioners of homeopathy, homeopathy is formally recognised by the Government as one of the Indian "National Systems of Medicine", under the Department of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy)<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-58 [59]]</sup>, while conventional, western medical education is controlled by the Medical Council of India<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-59 [60]]</sup>. About 10% of the Indian population depends ''solely'' on homeopathy for their health care needs. In India it is illegal to practice as a homeopath without a license and professional qualifications.
| + | Auch der Münchener Kinderarzt Martin Hirte [https://www.martin-hirte.de/coronavirus/ bekräftigt], die neuartigen Corona-Regeln erzeugen bei Kindern Zwangshandlungen, Angst und Schuldgefühle. Mit seinem Münchener Kollegen Steffen Rabe hat er kürzlich [https://der-rabendoktor.de/pdfs/Wider%20die%20Maskenpflicht.pdf einen offenen Brief] gegen die bayrische Maskenpflicht an Schulen veröffentlicht. Darin warnen die beiden Kinderärzte: |
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− | Almost 70% of all over-the-counter homeopathic remedies are sold in Western Europe. France is the largest market for homeopathic remedies in the world, worth over 300 million euros in 2003 (in a total over-the-counter drug market of over 770 billion euros), followed by Germany (200 million euros). The global self-medication market is estimated at 48.2 billion dollars (13.4% of the world pharmaceuticals market), of which sales of homeopathic remedies account for 0.3%. <sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-60 [61]]</sup>
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− | === <span id="A_typical_homeopathic_visit" class="mw-headline">A typical homeopathic visit</span> ===
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− | {| cellpadding="10" align="right" style="background-color:#FFFFCC; width:30%; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin:20px; font-size: 92%"
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− | | When a homeopath is conducting an interview to characterise a patient's syndrome of symptoms, some "categories of change" are identified as important:
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− | :(1) [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&redlink=1 emotion]
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− | :(2) mentation
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− | :(3) specific physical functioning
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− | :(4) general physical changes
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− | :(5) perception of self
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− | :(6) relationships
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− | :(7) [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&redlink=1 spirituality]
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− | :(8) [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Lifestyle&action=edit&redlink=1 lifestyle]
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− | :(9) [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Energy&action=edit&redlink=1 energy]
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− | :(10) [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Dreaming&action=edit&redlink=1 dream] content and tone
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− | :(11) well-being
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− | :(12) perceptions by others
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− | :(13) life relationships
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− | :(14) a sense of freedom or feeling less "stuck"
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− | :(15) [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Sleep&action=edit&redlink=1 sleep]
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− | :(16) coping
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− | :(17) ability to adapt
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− | :(18) [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Creativity&action=edit&redlink=1 creativity]
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− | :(19) recall of past experiences<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12676034_61-0" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-pmid12676034-61 [62]]</sup>
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− | Homeopathic remedies can be prescribed by professional homeopaths, naturopaths, acupuncturists, chiropractors, and physicians with additional homeopathic training and certification, and how these decide what to prescribe will differ accordingly. Classical homeopaths place emphasis on the patient's unique symptoms and their psychological state, and they gather this information from an interview, typically lasting from 15 minutes to two hours (comparable to conventional physicians), with one or more follow-up consultations of 15 to 45 minutes. They place special emphasis on the way the patient experiences their disease—i.e. they give priority to the overall syndrome of symptoms and the unique and idiosyncratic symptoms which they consider different than the conventional medical approach of trying to identify the causes of the disease. The goal is to determine the factors that might predispose the patient to disease and find a treatment that will strengthen that particular patient's "overall constitution".
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− | After the interview, the homeopath consults the references described in the table on the right. Some homeopaths make quick prescriptions based on "keynotes"—the highlights of the best known characteristics of a remedy. The real challenge of homeopathic practice, though, is to find the remedy that best matches the patient's syndrome of physical and/or psychological symptoms—the "similimum". A fundamental reason for conflict between conventional medicine and homeopathy is that homeopathy rejects the concept of treatments that target ''mechanisms'' of disease, and instead uses remedies that target ''syndromes of symptoms'' that they believe strengthen a person's overall constitution. Some homeopathic protocols might look like the following:
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− | *A physician qualified in both homeopathy and conventional medicine, after diagnosing a chronic condition that does not indicate the need for medical urgency, will usually first prescribe a homeopathic remedy which he feels may be more effective and is likely to have fewer side effects than conventional drugs.
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− | *Homeopaths recognize that trauma might require conventional medical attention but may complement the conventional treatment with homeopathy.
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− | *Homeopaths disagree with conventional medicine about the role of immunization and chemoprophylaxis for infectious diseases and prefer to prescribe homeopathic remedies that they believe will strengthen a person's immune and defense system.
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− | *For some disease conditions, such as [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Asthma asthma] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Acute_bronchitis&action=edit&redlink=1 acute bronchitis], homeopathic remedies are often prescribed not only to alleviate chronic symptoms, but also to treat acute attacks. Homeopathic remedies might also be used after an asthmatic episode with the intent to prevent recurrences.
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− | *An adequately trained homeopath is expected to recognize symptoms that indicate an acute and potentially fatal condition. The practitioner is expected to have emergency medical training and equipment appropriate to his or her level of training in the place of practice (e.g., dressings and basic airway management tools for an individual with training at the Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) of Basic or higher level, and preferably an automatic external defibrillator and advanced cardiac life support resources generally accepted as appropriate for an office. Potentially serious acute ailments may require medical supervision, but homeopaths sometimes prescribe remedies either for adjunctive use or as alternatives to conventional treatment.
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− | The homeopathic treatment of acute problems does not need the same depth or breadth of interview as treatment of chronic conditions. According to homeopaths, because the symptoms of a common cold or a headache or an allergy vary from person to person, each may need a different remedy. However, they believe that people who experience an injury generally have similar symptoms, so they think that some homeopathic remedies might be routinely useful in such cases.
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− | Homeopaths who practice "classical homeopathy" prescribe just one remedy at a time—a remedy that best fits the overall syndrome of the patient. The same remedy might thus be prescribed for patients suffering from very different diseases; conversely, patients suffering from what would be diagnosed conventionally as the same disease may be prescribed different remedies. For example, hay fever would be treated with any of several remedies, usually based on the specific symptoms, but sometimes on the etiology of the allergy. Some common remedies are: Allium cepa (''onion'', which causes tears to flow and a clear burning nasal discharge that irritates the nostrils), Euphrasia (''eyebright'', which causes a clear and bland nasal discharge along with tears that burn and irritate the skin where the tears flow), Ambrosia (''ragweed'') and Solidago (''goldenrod''); ,ragweed and goldenrod are herbs whose pollen is aggravating to some hay fever sufferers. These remedies are commonly given during the ''acute'' symptoms of hay fever. At other times, a professional homeopath will often treat these patients with a constitutional remedy based on the patient’s genetic history, health history, and present overall physical and/or psychological state, with the intent to strengthen the person’s general health, thereby reducing the frequency and/or intensity of the symptoms of hay fever.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-62 [63]]</sup>
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− | == <span id="The_claims_for_homeopathy" class="mw-headline">The claims for homeopathy</span> ==
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− | Homeopaths view illness as a systemic condition, a disturbance in the overall homeostasis of the total being and accordingly, consider that almost ''any'' sick person, may benefit from proper homeopathic treatment.
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| <blockquote> | | <blockquote> |
− | "homeopathy is designed to treat the whole person and can therefore be considered in almost any situation where a person's health is depleted." <sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-63 [64]]</sup>
| + | „Die verordneten Verhaltensmaßregeln bremsen Kinder in den ihnen ureigensten zwischenmenschlichen Interaktionen und in ihrer sozialen Entwicklung und bringen sie – da sie ihren natürlichen Entwicklungsbedürfnissen diametral entgegenstehen – zwangsläufig in schwere psychische und soziale Konflikte. In letzter Konsequenz nehmen sie den Kindern ihre Würde. (...) Ein normales Schulleben ist unter diesen Bedingungen nicht vorstellbar, und für viele Schüler wird der Schulalltag zur Qual.“ |
| </blockquote> | | </blockquote> |
− | As the American Institute of Homeopathy puts it in their "Standards of Practice": ''"The physician must remember that he is treating a patient who has some disorder; he is not prescribing for a disease entity."'' <sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-64 [65]]</sup>.
| + | '''''Weitere Artikel zum Thema:''''' |
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− | Homeopathic practitioners claim that their remedies are useful for a wide range of minor ailments, from cuts and bruises to coughs and colds. Patients often come to homeopaths with long-term problems which have not responded to conventional medicine, and homeopaths prescribe remedies to people with these conditions. Some of the common ailments for which patients seek homeopathic care are [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Eczema eczema], [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Chronic_fatigue_syndrome&action=edit&redlink=1 chronic fatigue syndrome], [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Asthma asthma], [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Migraine&action=edit&redlink=1 migraine], [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome irritable bowel syndrome], allergic disorders, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Arthritis arthritis], [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Fibromyalgia&action=edit&redlink=1 fibromyalgia], [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Hypertension hypertension], [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Crohn's_disease&action=edit&redlink=1 Crohn's disease], [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Premenstrual_syndrome&action=edit&redlink=1 premenstrual syndrome], [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Rhinitis&action=edit&redlink=1 rhinitis], [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&redlink=1 anxiety] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Depression&action=edit&redlink=1 depression]. They also treat patients with the most serious diseases, including [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis multiple sclerosis], [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease&action=edit&redlink=1 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease], and [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Cancer&action=edit&redlink=1 cancer].<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-65 [66]]</sup> and AIDS<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-66 [67]]</sup> For [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Gangrene&action=edit&redlink=1 gangrene], for example, homeopathic remedies are prescribed in the belief that they will strengthen a person's own defenses and to initiate healing; a very different approach than medical therapy Some homeopathic remedies for gangrene include Arsenicum Album, Secale (from [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Rye/ergot&action=edit&redlink=1 rye/ergot]), and Carbo vegetabilis (from charcoal), amongst many others<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-67 [68]]</sup>.
| + | *[https://multipolar-magazin.de/artikel/corona-vor-gericht '''Corona-Maßnahmen vor Gericht'''] (Jessica Hamed, 19.8.) |
| + | *[https://multipolar-magazin.de/artikel/schaden-statt-schutz-die-familienfeindliche-corona-politik '''Schaden statt Schutz: Die familienfeindliche Corona-Politik'''] (Stefan Korinth, 20.5.) |
| + | </div> |
| + | == Hauptseite == |
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− | There is much objective evidence that homeopathic treatments are beneficial<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Wassenhoven_2-1" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-Van_Wassenhoven-2 [3]]</sup> (see [[Studies_on_homeopathy|Tests of the efficacy of homeopathy]]), and homeopaths state that the success of homeopathy for the last 200 years is itself an indication of its value.
| + | ––> Hauptseite: |
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− | === <span id="Conflict_with_conventional_medicine" class="mw-headline">Conflict with conventional medicine</span> === | + | = Tests = |
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− | {| cellpadding="10" align="right" style="background-color:#FFFFCC; width:50%; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin:20px; font-size: 92%"
| + | <span style="background-color:#ffffcc">➡️ Durch die Ausführungen auf dieser FreeWiki-Seite soll in keinster Weise eine Verharmlosung der teilweise schwer verlaufenden Erkrankung [https://www.freewiki.eu/de/index.php?title=Corona_/_Corona-Katastrophe_/_Corona-Krise_/_COVID-19-Pandemie#.F0.9F.94.A5_COVID-19_.7C_Behandlung_.2F_Gesundheit_.2F_Krankheit COVID-19] erfolgen. [https://www.freewiki.eu/de/index.php?title=Corona_/_Coronakrise_/_COVID-19-Pandemie#.F0.9F.94.A5.F0.9F.94.A5.F0.9F.94.A5_Obduktionen_.2F_Pathologie_.2F_Todesursache Im schlimmsten Fall kann sie zum Tod führen.] Mache sich jeder Mensch sein eigenes Bild.</span> |
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− | | '''[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=James_Tyler_Kent&action=edit&redlink=1 James Tyler Kent] and homeoprophylaxis'''
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− | Some homeopaths also believe that their treatments can ''prevent'' disease, a notion known as "'[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Homeoprophylaxis&action=edit&redlink=1 homeoprophylaxis]".
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− | James Tyler Kent (1849-1916) was prominently associated with the spread of homeopathy in the U.S.A., and much modern practice of homeopathy is based on his repertory, published in 1897. Kent denied the conventional germ theory of infectious disease, declaring that
| + | 🔥🔥🔥 08.08.20 | „Wir wollen zum Denken anregen“ |
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− | ''"The microbe is not the cause of disease. We should not be carried away by these idle allopathic dreams and vain imaginations but should correct the Élan vital".''
| + | »Das Buch „Corona Fehlalarm?“ von Prof. Karina Reiß und Prof. [[Corona_/_Coronakrise_/_COVID-19-Pandemie#.F0.9F.94.A5.F0.9F.94.A5.F0.9F.94.A5_Sucharit_Bhakdi|Sucharit Bhakdi]] steht seit Wochen auf Platz eins der Spiegel-Bestsellerliste. Das Ehepaar forscht und lehrt an der Kieler Universität. Im Interview erklären die beiden, warum sie das Virus für weniger gefährlich halten als die Grippe.« |
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− | Instead, he believed that illness had spiritual causes:
| + | [https://www.kn-online.de/Kiel/Corona-Fehlalarm-Wir-wollen-zum-Denken-anregen https://www.kn-online.de/Kiel/Corona-Fehlalarm-Wir-wollen-zum-Denken-anregen] |
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− | ''"You cannot divorce medicine and theology. Man exists all the way down from his innermost spiritual, to his outermost natural." <sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-68 [69]]</sup>''
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− | Kent promoted the idea that homeopathic remedies could not only cure diseases, but also prevent them:
| + | == Tests | Links == |
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− | ''"The great prophylactic is the homeopathic remedy. After working in an epidemic for a few weeks, you will find perhaps that half a dozen remedies are daily indicated and one in these remedies in a larger number of cases than any other. This one remedy seems to be the best suited to the general nature of the sickness. Now you will find that for prophylaxis there is required a less degree of similitude than is necessary for curing. A remedy will not have to be so similar to prevent disease as to cure it, and these remedies in daily use will enable you to prevent a large number of people from becoming sick. We must look to homeopathy for our protection as well as for our cure".''
| + | [https://translate.google.com/translate?source=osdd&sl=auto&tl=de&u=https://www.ecodibergamo.it/stories/bergamo-citta/a-bergamo-decessi-4-volte-oltre-la-medialeco-lancia-unindagine-nei-comuni_1346651_11/ https://translate.google.com/translate?source=osdd&sl=auto&tl=de&u=https://www.ecodibergamo.it/stories/bergamo-citta/a-bergamo-decessi-4-volte-oltre-la-medialeco-lancia-unindagine-nei-comuni_1346651_11/] |
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− | The notion of homeoprophylaxis has not received support from systematic trials and has no place in conventional medicine. Suggestions that homeopathic treatments are an effective alternative to vaccination are regarded as irresponsible by many public health professionals, and also by some professional homeopathic organizations; in the U.K., The Faculty for Homeopathy recognizes the importance of childhood vaccination and does not support the common use of homeopathic remedies in place of conventional travel vaccinations and for malaria prevention, warning travellers "that there is no evidence that these provide any degree of protection." <sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-69 [70]]</sup>
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− | In 2007, the Ministry of Health in [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1 Cuba] gave 2.4 million people two doses of a leptospira nosode as homeoprophylaxis against an expected outbreak of [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Leptospirosis&action=edit&redlink=1 leptospirosis] (a bacterial infection spread by rats, or by contaminated water) after unusually heavy rainfall. According to a report at a conference on homeoprophylaxis was held in Cuba in late 2008, sponsored by the Finlay Institute, the Cuban manufacturer of the nosode, the levels of subsequent morbidity were below those expected given the rainfall and season.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-70 [71]]</sup>
| + | Über Editor: [https://querdenken-711.de/29-08-2020-/-berlin https://querdenken-711.de/29-08-2020-%2F-berlin] |
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− | |}
| + | Über Quellcode-Editor: [https://querdenken-711.de/29-08-2020-/-berlin https://querdenken-711.de/29-08-2020-%2F-berlin] |
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− | The theory underlying homeopathy is not considered plausible by many scientists working in academic institutions in Europe and the U.S.A., as conventional medicine as taught in official institutions is still based on a mechanistic paradigm, in which many scientist believe.
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− | The mechanistic view is that homeopathy, insofar as it has any effect at all, exploits the placebo effect - i.e. that the only benefits are those induced by the power of suggestion, by arousing hope, and by alleviating anxiety. Conventional medical opinion does not deny the efficacy of placebo treatments in many cases, and placebos have played a large part in conventional medicine since their first deliberate use by William Cullen in the 18th century.
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− | <blockquote>
| + | <nowiki>https://www.google.de/search?hl=de&ei=-RrYXon5LNDVkwXR-ILoCg&q=%22Christian+Drosten%22+site%3AFree21.org+OR+site%3Ahintergrund.de+OR+site%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fmultipolar-magazin.de+OR+site%3Anachdenkseiten.de+OR+site%3Arubikon.news&oq=%22Christian+Drosten%22+site%3AFree21.org+OR+site%3Ahintergrund.de+OR+site%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fmultipolar-magazin.de+OR+site%3Anachdenkseiten.de+OR+site%3Arubikon.news&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQA1DQJVjWkgFgzakBaABwAHgAgAEAiAEAkgEAmAEHoAECoAEBqgEHZ3dzLXdpeg&sclient=psy-ab&ved=0ahUKEwjJ2fSM0ObpAhXQ6qQKHVG8AK0Q4dUDCAs&uact=5 </nowiki> |
− | ...we all recognise the strong placebo effect in, probably, all aspects of medical treatment, whether they are conventional or not" - Professor Tom Mead<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-71 [72]]</sup>
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− | </blockquote>
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− | Cullen used regular drugs as placebos, but at much lower doses than were thought to be effective. He gave them "to comfort and please the patient" rather than with any hope of a specific effect. He used the word "placebo" in this sense in lectures given in 1772.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-72 [73]]</sup>. Many modern physicians, however, consider it unethical to deliberately mislead their patients<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-73 [74]]</sup>; rather than prescribing placebos themselves for conditions they feel they cannot treat or do not need treatment (like abnormal sensations), some prefer to refer patients to regulated practitioners of alternative medicine.
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− | Most homeopaths believe that the fundamental causes of disease are internal and constitutional and that infectious disease is not just the result of infection but also of susceptibility. This leads them to seek to avoid conventional treatments that suppress symptoms.
| + | [https://www.google.de/search?hl=de&ei=-RrYXon5LNDVkwXR-ILoCg&q= "Christian+Drosten"+site:Free21.org+OR+site:hintergrund.de+OR+site:https://multipolar-magazin.de+OR+site:nachdenkseiten.de+OR+site:rubikon.news&oq="Christian+Drosten"+site:Free21.org+OR+site:hintergrund.de+OR+site:https://multipolar-magazin.de+OR+site:nachdenkseiten.de+OR+site:rubikon.news&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQA1DQJVjWkgFgzakBaABwAHgAgAEAiAEAkgEAmAEHoAECoAEBqgEHZ3dzLXdpeg&sclient=psy-ab&ved=0ahUKEwjJ2fSM0ObpAhXQ6qQKHVG8AK0Q4dUDCAs&uact=5 https://www.google.de/search?hl=de&ei=-RrYXon5LNDVkwXR-ILoCg&q=%22Christian+Drosten%22+site%3AFree21.org+OR+site%3Ahintergrund.de+OR+site%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fmultipolar-magazin.de+OR+site%3Anachdenkseiten.de+OR+site%3Arubikon.news&oq=%22Christian+Drosten%22+site%3AFree21.org+OR+site%3Ahintergrund.de+OR+site%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fmultipolar-magazin.de+OR+site%3Anachdenkseiten.de+OR+site%3Arubikon.news&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQA1DQJVjWkgFgzakBaABwAHgAgAEAiAEAkgEAmAEHoAECoAEBqgEHZ3dzLXdpeg&sclient=psy-ab&ved=0ahUKEwjJ2fSM0ObpAhXQ6qQKHVG8AK0Q4dUDCAs&uact=5] |
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− | Whereas homeopaths emphasize that they provide remedies tailored to the individual patient's symptoms, conventional medicine focuses on treatments given in a standard form to large populations of patients with a given disease. Large clinical trials also seek to identify subgroups of patients (identifiable by age, gender, ethnicity, lifestyle, comorbidities etc.) that are "responders" or "non responders" to a new treatment, to provide a rational basis for individualization of treatments.
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− | === <span id="Medical_organizations.27_attitudes_towards_homeopathy" class="mw-headline">Medical organizations' attitudes towards homeopathy</span> === | + | [https://www.google.de/search?hl=de&ei=-RrYXon5LNDVkwXR-ILoCg&q= "Christian+Drosten"+site:Free21.org+OR+site:hintergrund.de+OR+site:https://multipolar-magazin.de+OR+site:nachdenkseiten.de+OR+site:rubikon.news&oq=" https://www.google.de/search?hl=de&ei=-RrYXon5LNDVkwXR-ILoCg&q=%22Christian+Drosten%22+site%3AFree21.org+OR+site%3Ahintergrund.de+OR+site%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fmultipolar-magazin.de+OR+site%3Anachdenkseiten.de+OR+site%3Arubikon.news&oq=%22] |
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− | The [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=American_Medical_Association&action=edit&redlink=1 American Medical Association] (AMA) was founded in 1847, three years after the [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=American_Institute_of_Homeopathy&action=edit&redlink=1 American Institute of Homeopathy].<sup id="cite_ref-AMA-12_75-0" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-AMA-12-75 [76]]</sup> From the 1860s to the early 20th century, the AMA's ethical code forbade its members to consult with fellow MDs who practiced homeopathy. Although the AMA did not enforce many of its ethical guidelines, the "consultation clause" was one of the few that it did.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-76 [77]]</sup> Today, the AMA is no longer overtly antagonistic to homeopathy, but their current policy statement says: "There is little evidence to confirm the safety or efficacy of most alternative therapies. Much of the information currently known about these therapies makes it clear that many have not been shown to be efficacious."<sup id="cite_ref-AMA-12_75-1" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-AMA-12-75 [76]]</sup>
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− | Homeopathy is available on Britain's publically funded [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=National_Health_Service&action=edit&redlink=1 National Health Service] since it was created in 1948. The NHS funds homeopathic hospitals in Glasgow, Liverpool, Bristol and London and there are several NHS homeopathic clinics in Scotland, treating approximately 55,000 patients per year by some 600 doctors. However in 2010 the [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=British_Medical_Association&action=edit&redlink=1 British Medical Association] passed a vote to stop funding it on the service. In addition they agreed that pharmacists should remove homeopathic remedies from their shelves in order to prevent them from being confused with medicines, and instead they should be labelled as placebos.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-77 [78]]</sup> Although the British Medical Association and other skeptics of homeopathy sought to get Britain's National Health Service to stop reimbursement for homeopathic treatment from medical doctors, the British government and its health minister declared that British citizens deserve a choice on the type of medical care they receive, and because homeopathic care has a long record of safety and patient satisfaction, homeopathic care remains a part of Britain's National Health Service.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-78 [79]]</sup>
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| + | <nowiki>https://www.google.de/search?q=%22Christian+Drosten%22+site:Free21.org+OR+site:hintergrund.de+OR+site:https://multipolar-magazin.de+OR+site:nachdenkseiten.de+OR+site:rubikon.news&hl=de&source=lnt&tbs=qdr:y&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjO07nL1ebpAhXNzaQKHR6aB2cQpwV6BAgLECM&biw=1088&bih=751</nowiki> |
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− | == Safety and efficacy of homeopathy == | + | [https://www.google.de/search?q= "Christian+Drosten"+site:Free21.org+OR+site:hintergrund.de+OR+site:https://multipolar-magazin.de+OR+site:nachdenkseiten.de+OR+site:rubikon.news&hl=de&source=lnt&tbs=qdr:y&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjO07nL1ebpAhXNzaQKHR6aB2cQpwV6BAgLECM&biw=1088&bih=751 https://www.google.de/search?q=%22Christian+Drosten%22+site:Free21.org+OR+site:hintergrund.de+OR+site:https://multipolar-magazin.de+OR+site:nachdenkseiten.de+OR+site:rubikon.news&hl=de&source=lnt&tbs=qdr:y&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjO07nL1ebpAhXNzaQKHR6aB2cQpwV6BAgLECM&biw=1088&bih=751] |
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− | In conventional medicine (see [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=New_Drug_Application&action=edit&redlink=1 New Drug Application]), the basic phases of evaluating a drug are determining if it causes dangerous effects in healthy volunteers, if it is [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Bioavailability&action=edit&redlink=1 adequately present in the body to achieve an effect], and if it is more effective than established treatments, against a disease. Not all trials are [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Placebo&action=edit&redlink=1 placebo] controlled, but only those where there is no accepted treatment; new drugs must be compared with the best available existing treatment. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Informed_consent&action=edit&redlink=1 informed consent].
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− | In conventional medicine, traditional [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Randomized_controlled_trial&action=edit&redlink=1 randomized controlled trials] rely on statistical analysis of large groups of patients all of whom are given the same treatment to determine whether that treatment is indeed effective. This conflicts with an approach that believes that treatments must be individually tailored to each patient. In reality, some homeopathic trials do use some standardization, but not always to an extent which would make the trials statistically robust. Clinical trial specialists for several techniques involving individualized treatment, such as homeopathy and [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Pharmacogenomics&action=edit&redlink=1 pharmacogenomics], propose protocols to test "low responding" or individualized therapies in statistically valid clinical trials. For homeopathy, by having a group of people who identify as ill and asking a qualified homeopath to diagnose them - then having real homeopathic medication given to a subset of them, and medicines that share the same physical properties but are ''homeopathically'' inert according to homeopaths (for instance, by using ordinary water rather than homeopathically diluted water in preparing the substance). This method thus tests the standard diagnostic method as the experimental treatment, rather than the specific medications. There have not been,however, many homeopathic trials using this method.
| + | [https://www.google.de/search?q= "Christian+Drosten"+site:Free21.org+OR+site:hintergrund.de+OR+site:https://multipolar-magazin.de+OR+site:nachdenkseiten.de+OR+site:rubikon.news&hl=de&source=lnt&tbs=qdr:y&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjO07nL1ebpAhXNzaQKHR6aB2cQpwV6BAgLECM&biw=1088&bih=751 Drosten] |
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− | Few people question the safety issues in choosing homeopathic medicines themselves, and the U.S. F.D.A. determines what dose is basically safe for over-the-counter sales of homeopathic medicines. However, homeopaths discourage the general public from using the homeopathic high potency medicines (the 200th potency and higher potencies) unless the person is adequately trained in homeopathy. Homeopaths warn the public that repeated doses of high potency medicines can lead the person to experience a "drug proving," a situation in which the person experiences symptoms akin to an overdose of the substance (the symptoms are generally known to resolve themselves shortly after the person stops taking the medicine).
| + | [https://www.google.de/search?q= "Christian+Drosten"+site:Free21.org+OR+site:hintergrund.de+OR+site:https://multipolar-magazin.de+OR+site:nachdenkseiten.de+OR+site:rubikon.news&hl=de&source=lnt&tbs=qdr:y&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjO07nL1ebpAhXNzaQKHR6aB2cQpwV6BAgLECM&biw=1088&bih=751 Drosten] |
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− | === Attempts to provide a scientific foundation for homeopathy === | + | [https://translate.google.com/translate?source=osdd&sl=auto&tl=de&u=https://caitlinjohnstone.com/2020/03/29/its-okay-to-be-uncertain-whats-happening-and-where-this-is-all-going/ Übersetzung durch Google] |
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− | :<span class="noprint">''For more information, see: [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Memory_of_water&action=edit&redlink=1 Memory of water]''.</span>
| + | === Erneuter Test === |
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− | Homeopathy was developed at a time when many important concepts of modern [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1 chemistry] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Biology&action=edit&redlink=1 biology], such as molecules and germs, were understood poorly, if at all. In Hahnemann's day, many chemists believed that matter was infinitely divisible, so that it was meaningful to talk about dilution to any degree. Although the hypothesis of atoms can be traced back to the ancient Greeks, their size was not calculated until 1865 (by [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Josef_Loschmidt&action=edit&redlink=1 Josef Loschmidt]).
| + | [https://www.google.de/search?hl=de&ei=3_8nYLfIM4S5gwehl5vgCQ&q= "Vitamin+D"+"Corona"+site:blauerbote.com+OR+site:Free21.org+OR+site:luftpost-kl.de/+OR+site:multipolar-magazin.de+OR+site:nachdenkseiten.de+OR+site:rubikon.news "Vitamin D" "Corona"] |
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− | We now know that, for example, a teaspoon of seawater (roughly 5 ml) contains about 160 mg of [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Table_salt&action=edit&redlink=1 NaCl]. The molecular weight of NaCl is 58.4, so by [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Avogadro's_number&action=edit&redlink=1 Avogadro's number], (or, in German-speaking countries, Loschmidt's number), 58.4 g of NaCl (one [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Mole&action=edit&redlink=1 mole]) contains 6.02×10<sup>23</sup> molecules. We can thus calculate that our teaspoon contains about 2×10<sup>21</sup> molecules of NaCl. A 12''C'' dilution of seawater will have about one molecule of NaCl ''per litre''.
| + | [https://www.google.de/search?hl=de&ei=3_8nYLfIM4S5gwehl5vgCQ&q= "Vitamin+D"+"Corona"+site:blauerbote.com+OR+site:Free21.org+OR+site:luftpost-kl.de/+OR+site:multipolar-magazin.de+OR+site:nachdenkseiten.de+OR+site:rubikon.news https://www.google.de/search?hl=de&ei=3_8nYLfIM4S5gwehl5vgCQ&q=%22Vitamin+D%22+%22Corona%22+site%3Ablauerbote.com+OR+site%3AFree21.org+OR+site%3Aluftpost-kl.de%2F+OR+site%3Amultipolar-magazin.de+OR+site%3Anachdenkseiten.de+OR+site%3Arubikon.news] |
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− | Thus homeopathic remedies diluted to more than about 12''C'' are virtually certain to contain not even a single molecule of the initial substance. This is recognized by advocates of homeopathy, who assert that the essential healing power is not to be found in the chemical action of molecules, but perhaps in the arrangement of the water molecules, giving rise to the expression "the [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Memory_of_water&action=edit&redlink=1 memory of water]". In the homeopathic literature<sup id="cite_ref-Homeopathy2007_79-0" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-Homeopathy2007-79 [80]]</sup> widely differing explanations are proposed for the alleged existence of this water memory. It appears that the community of homeopaths has not yet converged on a single explanatory paradigm.
| + | == Div. Kurzlinks == |
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− | For instance, homeopaths like to point out that water is not simply a collection of molecules of H<sub>2</sub>O, but contain [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Isotopologue&action=edit&redlink=1 isotopologues], molecules with different isotopic compositions such as HDO, D<sub>2</sub>O and H<sub>2</sub><sup>18</sup>O. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Mass_spectroscopy&action=edit&redlink=1 Mass spectroscopy] can indeed detect different isotopologues, but their relative concentration is the same before and after homeopathic treatment—the concentration ratios can only be changed by nuclear reactions—so that the presence of isotopologues in water cannot explain its memory.
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| + | <nowiki>https://kurzelinks.de/wyfr</nowiki> |
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− | Also the fact that the molecules H<sub>2</sub>O appear in two proton-spin forms (''ortho'' and ''para'') has been suggested as a source of memory of water. These two spin forms, which appear in a ratio 3:1, are chemically non-distinguishable and are very difficult to separate or to convert into each other. It is therefore highly unlikely that a homeopathic treatment could change this ratio. Moreover, even if it is assumed that homeopathic tinctures would give somehow rise to ''ortho'':''para'' ratios other than 3:1, it requires much further explanation that these (chemically undetectable) ratios have different healing qualities.
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| + | <nowiki>https://bit.ly/2ADEzRe</nowiki> |
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− | Another suggestion is that double-distilled and deionized water contains trace amounts of contaminating ions. In particular, water, as a result of repeated vigorous shaking, might include dissolved atmospheric gases in the form of nanobubbles, molecular ions produced from water reacting with airborne contaminants, and [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Silicate&action=edit&redlink=1 silicates]—tiny glass "chips". These possibilities are discussed in Ref. <sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-80 [81]]</sup> and Ref. <sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-81 [82]]</sup> But see for further discussion Ref. <sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-82 [83]]</sup> in which it is concluded that: "it [observed variation in NMR relaxation rates upon ultra dilution] might merely reflect a trivial air-dependent phenomenon, or an unsuspected bias, and should not be extrapolated to the so-called memory of water, often alleged to explain the effectiveness of homeopathy." In January 2009, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Luc_Montagnier&action=edit&redlink=1 Luc Montagnier], the Nobel Laureate French virologist who discovered HIV, claimed that the DNA of [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Pathogenic&action=edit&redlink=1 pathogenic] bacteries and viruses massively dissolved in water emit radio waves that he can detect. This, he claimed, can also be used to detect the medicine in a homeopathic remedy. The claim has been received with skepticism in the scientific community.<sup id="cite_ref-montagnier_83-0" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-montagnier-83 [84]]</sup>.
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| + | <nowiki>https://rb.gy/i4jzos</nowiki> |
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− | Some homeopaths believe that there might be an effect of successive shaking on water structure leading to "clustering" of water molecules. This contradicts the dominant scientific view that motions in liquid water are on the picosecond (10<sup>−12</sup> second) time scale and that such clusters could not live longer than a few picoseconds.
| + | Im Rahmen des Speicherns (nicht bereits, wenn man sich die Vorschau anzeigen lässt) werden Kurzlinks abgelehnt. Begründung: Spam. |
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− | People sometimes wonder if the water used to make homeopathic medicines already has other memory imprints from its history prior to use in medicine. However, the water used by homeopathic manufacturers undergoes double-distillation, a process that homeopaths contend eliminates or substantially reduces previous memory. This raises the question: how do homeopaths know that this reduction is sufficient? If the ''presence'' of homeopathic qualities is below detection threshold, then surely the ''absence'' of such qualities is also undetectable.
| + | == Zweizeilige Abschnittsüberschrift / Zeile 2 (Windows: Strg + Shift? / macOS: cmd+ Shift) erscheint auch im Inhaltsverzeichnis == |
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− | In brief, for homeopathy to receive serious scientific consideration, there needs to be plausible explanations for the following:
| + | <span style="background-color:#ffffcc">Beispiel</span> |
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− | *how the process of manufacturing a homeopathic remedy could yield a biologically active substance or solution
| + | === '''Markus Lanz'''<br/> Fernsehmoderator und -produzent === |
− | *why the principle of similars might apply in the case of homeopathic remedies
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− | *how a biological mechanism could have evolved to recognize the specific nature of homeopathic remedies
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− | There also needs to be
| + | Quellcode: |
| + | <nowiki>=== '''Markus Lanz'''<br/> Fernsehmoderator und -produzent ===</nowiki> |
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− | *clear and irrefutable evidence for the efficacy of homeopathic remedies, evidence that cannot be explained by placebo effects
| + | == Datei hochladen, neue Version von eigener Datei == |
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− | These stringent demands are often summarised by the maxim "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof".<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-84 [85]]</sup>
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− | Meanwhile, homeopaths, working towards an elucidation of the effectiveness of their medicines, complain that they are up against a double standard in medicine and science. They point out that there is a long history of conventional medical treatments that are applied with positive effects, although their mechanism of action is not known. Only relatively recently, for instance, has it been understood how aspirin works, but before that doctors used it regularly despite an inadequate understanding of its actual mechanism. In due time, the homeopathic community asserts, the scientific basis of their methods will be unveiled.
| + | == <span style="background-color:#ffff00">Einzelnachweise</span> == |
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− | In 2010, an Indian team claimed to have found that commercially manufactured metal-derived high-dilution remedies contain nanoparticles of the metals and their aggregates.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-85 [86]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-86 [87]]</sup>
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− | === Clinical trials testing the efficacy of homeopathic remedies ===
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− | For more information, see: [[Studies_on_homeopathy|Studies on Homeopathy]]
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− | The “balance of evidence” as to whether homeopathy has any effects other than placebo effects depends on who is balancing the evidence. Homeopaths strongly value the evidence of their own experience in treating patients, supported by the satisfaction reported by their patients in surveys; they believe that this is sufficient evidence of efficacy, but also state that most published clinical trials have shown some beneficial effects. A 1991 global meta-analysis of homeopathic clinical trials published in the BMJ (British Medical Journal) of 105 trials, 81 with positive outcomes, concluded that the placebo response could not explain the positive responses,
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− | <blockquote>
| + | <nowiki>(== Einzelnachweise == <references />) </nowiki> |
− | Based on this evidence we would be ready to accept that homoeopathy can be efficacious, if only the mechanism of action were more plausible<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-87 [88]]</sup>
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− | </blockquote>
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− | Another meta-analysis published in the ''Lancet'' in 1997 drew similar conclusions.
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− | <blockquote>
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− | The results "were not compatible with the hypothesis that the effects of homoeopathy are completely due to placebo."<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-88 [89]]</sup>
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− | </blockquote>
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− | Several meta-analyses evaluating the homeopathic treatment of specific diseases have found positive results, including the treatment of childhood diarrhoea, <sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-89 [90]]</sup> some post-surgical conditions <sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-90 [91]]</sup> and respiratory allergies <sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-91 [92]]</sup>.
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− | Other meta-analyses have suggested that the effect from a homeopathic remedy was no better than a placebo <sup id="cite_ref-pmid12492603_92-0" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-pmid12492603-92 [93]]</sup> The [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Cochrane_Collaboration&action=edit&redlink=1 Cochrane Collaboration] is an organisation that publishes meta-analyses of trial results, and most of their analyses of homeopathic treatments indicate some treatment benefits but not adequate statistically significant benefit. The most supportive of their analyses is of the possible benefits of [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Oscillococcinum&action=edit&redlink=1 Oscillococcinum] for influenza and influenza-like syndromes. <sup id="cite_ref-Vickers2006_93-0" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-Vickers2006-93 [94]]</sup>Cochrane Reviews did a meta-analysis of seven [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Randomized_controlled_trial&action=edit&redlink=1 randomized controlled trials], three prevention trials (number of participants, <math>N = 2265</math>) and four treatment trials, <math>(N = 1194)</math>. This was a meta-analysis of seven [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Randomized_controlled_trial&action=edit&redlink=1 randomized controlled trials], three prevention trials (number of participants, <math>N = 2265</math>) and four treatment trials, <math>(N = 1194)</math>. Overall, the authors found no evidence of any benefits in preventing influenza, but evidence of a small effect on the duration of symptoms. The outcome was sufficiently promising that further trials were recommended, but not strong enough for the remedy to be recommended for first-line therapy.
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− | Why do most trials report positive outcomes for homeopathy, but some show no effect, and how is it that the positive evidence does not persuade most scientists and leaders of academic medicine? In the U.S.A., The [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=National_Center_for_Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine&action=edit&redlink=1 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine] (NCCAM) administers public-funded research into alternative medicine <sup id="cite_ref-NCCAM-HQ8_94-0" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-NCCAM-HQ8-94 [95]]</sup>, and some studies have reported positive outcomes, but NCCAM's acting deputy director, Jack Killen, said, in a ''Newsweek'' article, "There is, to my knowledge, no condition for which homeopathy has been proven to be an effective treatment." <sup id="cite_ref-Newsweek_95-0" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-Newsweek-95 [96]]</sup>. In the U.K., the [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=NHS&action=edit&redlink=1 NHS] recognizes that there have been about 200 randomised controlled trials evaluating homeopathy, some show efficacy of treatment and some don't. They conclude, "Despite the available research, it has proven difficult to produce clear clinical evidence that homeopathy works".<sup id="cite_ref-NHSdirect_96-0" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-NHSdirect-96 [97]]</sup>
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− | Homeopaths believe that such attitudes reflect bias against alternative medicine, and that because homeopathy does not lend itself to controlled trials, those with a negative outcome may be false negatives.
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− | According to critics of homeopathy, the published trials of specific homeopathic remedies have been mostly small and flawed in design
| + | == '''"kurzlink.de" wird nicht mehr als Spam abgewiesen''' == |
− | <blockquote>
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− | “Examples of problems they noted include weaknesses in design and/or reporting, choice of measuring techniques, small numbers of participants, and difficulties in replicating results. A common theme in the reviews of homeopathy trials is that because of these problems and others, it is difficult or impossible to draw firm conclusions about whether homeopathy is effective for any single clinical condition.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-97 [98]]</sup>
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− | </blockquote>
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− | While many of these have indicated positive effects, generally, trials that are larger high-quality trials have tended to show little or no statistically significant effects, as was concluded by the authors of the second Lancet study cited above when they re-analyzed these trials.
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− | <blockquote>
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− | “There is increasing evidence that more rigorous trials tend to yield less optimistic results than trials with less precautions against bias.”<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-98 [99]]</sup>
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− | </blockquote>
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− | Homeopaths respond that the vast majority of the larger high-quality trials simply tested a single homeopathic medicine, without the requisite individualization of treatment common to homeopathic treatment.
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− | But this does not explain why small trials should have more strongly positive outcomes than large trials. In fact this is a feature of trials of conventional medicine also – and it is believed that the explanation lies mainly in ‘’publication bias’’ – the tendency of trial outcomes to be published only if the outcome is clearly positive; many small trials with negative or inconclusive outcomes simply go unreported, because they are thought to be uninteresting.
| + | Link zur Seite "Impfung": [https://www.freewiki.eu/de/index.php?title=Impfung#Literatur_.7C_Weblinks https://www.freewiki.eu/de/index.php?title=Impfung#Literatur_.7C_Weblinks] |
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− | In 1999, the government of [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Switzerland&action=edit&redlink=1 Switzerland], for a trial period of 5 years, allowed health costs for treatment with homeopathy and four other CAM modalities to be reimbursed under the country’s compulsory health insurance scheme, and set up a programme to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of these treatments (the Complementary Medicine Evaluation Programme (Programm Evaluation Komplementärmedizin, PEK). Under this programme, a team of scientists and practitioners, including a homeopath, conducted an innovative meta-analysis that became the single most cited study of homeopathy, arousing considerable media attention and a storm of protest from homeopaths. The study, which was also published in the ''Lancet'' (by Shang ''et al.'') <sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-99 [100]]</sup> adopted a novel approach; whereas traditional meta-analyses have tried to combine all studies of a given condition, this was a "global" meta-analysis of homeopathy testing the hypothesis that ''all'' reported effects of homeopathic remedies are placebo effects. If so, the authors reasoned, then the reports of positive effects reflect publication bias, and if this is the case then the magnitude of such effects should diminish with sample size and study quality, and for the largest and best studies there should be no effect.
| + | Dortige zweite Verlinkung: [https://kurzlink.de/MaNykorXj Ausgewählte Medien | Suchergebnisse zu dem Stichwort "Impfen"] |
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− | They analyzed 110 placebo-controlled homoeopathy trials and 110 matched conventional-medicine trials. Overall, the conventional medicine trials showed some real effect of treatment, in that some effect was still present in the largest and best trials, but the trials of homeopathy remedies did not. The authors concluded that their analysis was consistent with homeopathy being no better than placebo treatment, and controversially suggested that no further research on homeopathy is necessary. The article was accompanied by an unsigned editorial titled “The end of homeopathy”<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-100 [101]]</sup>" and a signed editorial by [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Jan_Vandenbroucke&action=edit&redlink=1 Jan Vandenbroucke], professor of clinical [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Epidemiology&action=edit&redlink=1 epidemiology], at [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Leiden_University&action=edit&redlink=1 Leiden University], the [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1 Netherlands] <sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-101 [102]]</sup>. The ''Lancet'' subsequently published a selection of critical correspondence, and received an angry open letter from the Swiss Association of Homoeopathic Physicians (SVHA). <sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-102 [103]]</sup> which declared:
| + | Der Kurzlink, der zu einer Google-Suche führt: [https://kurzlink.de/MaNykorXj https://kurzlink.de/MaNykorXj] |
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− | ''“The meta-analysis may be statistically correct. But its validity and practical significance can be seen at a glance: not one single qualified homoeopath would ever treat one single patient in clinical practice as presented in any of the 110 analysed trials! The study cannot give the slightest evidence against homoeopathy because it does not measure real individual (classical) homoeopathy. It confounds real homoeopathic practice with distorted study forms violating even basic homeopathic rules.”'' | + | '''<span style="background-color:#ffffcc">Über </span>[https://kurzlink.de/ <span style="background-color:#ffffcc">https://kurzlink.de/</span>]<span style="background-color:#ffffcc">können seit längerer Zeit keine Kurzlinks mehr erstellt werden.<ref>Text für Referenz2</ref></span>''' |
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− | In the Shang ''et al.'' review, 21 of the homeopathic trials were judged of “high quality”; these studies, overall, showed a benefit of homeopathic treatment. In the final phase of analysis, the researchers included only the largest of these studies; the 8 largest homeopathic trials showed that homeopathic treatment was comparable with a placebo, while 6 similarly large conventional medical trials were not compatible with a placebo effect. Of the 8 largest and best homeopathic trials, only one used an individualized approach to treatment, the other seven used a single medicine prescribed to homeopathic treated subjects. Such non-individualized treatment is common in the larger clinical trials (one of the trials even tested a rarely used homeopathic medicine, Thyroidinum, in the treatment of weight-loss, in a previously untested treatment protocol).
| + | == '''"kurzelinks.de" wird nicht mehr als Spam abgewiesen''' == |
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− | Subsequent critics of the Shang ''et al.'' analysis have questioned how definitive it actually is, noting that it involved subjective judgements of study quality. Several studies defined as "high quality" by Linde ''et al.'' (1997) were not defined by high quality by Shang ''et al.'' most of which showed a positive effect of homeopathic treatment.The Shang ''et al.'' analysis also excluded a relatively large study of chronic polyarthritis (N=176) by Wiesenauer because no matching trial could be found. The authors of an article in the ''Journal of Clinical Epidemiology'' <sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-103 [104]]</sup> say "This result can be interpreted differently. Following Shang's perspective it can be explained by small study bias (which includes publication bias). In contrast, one may hypothesize that Shang's result is falsely negative." The authors noted that four of the 21 best trials selected by Shang ''et al.'' dealt with preventing or treating muscle soreness—these consistently found no benefits to homeopathy, so if it is accepted that homeopathy is not useful in this condition, the remaining 17 trials show an overall significant effect, mainly determined by two trials on influenza-like diseases. Thus they argue that it is still possible that homeopathy might be effective for some conditions and not for others.
| + | [https://kurzelinks.de/wyfr https://kurzelinks.de/wyfr] |
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− | Proponents of homeopathy also note that some of the conventional medical studies analysed by Shang ''et al.'' may have shown a treatment effect but that some of these have since been withdrawn because of side effects found subsequently. Critics of homeopathy agree—they say that in conventional medicine, treatments are abandoned when trials show them to be ineffective or unsafe, or when a better drug is found; by contrast, no homeopathic treatment has ever been withdrawn after a trial showed it to be ineffective. Homeopaths contend that flawed trials cannot be used to show that homeopathic treatment is ineffective (please read the previous paragraph for information about the positive trials).
| + | == Verlinkung einer Kategorie == |
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− | There are many clinical trials and studies which show that homeopathy is effective<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Wassenhoven_2-2" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-Van_Wassenhoven-2 [3]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dr.Ramaanand_3-1" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-Dr.Ramaanand-3 [4]]</sup>.
| + | [[:Kategorie:Homöopathie|Test]] (Doppelpunkt vor Kategorie) |
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− | === Safety ===
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− | :''The highest ideal of cure is the speedy, gentle, and enduring restoration of health by the most trustworthy and least harmful way'' (Samuel Hahnemann)
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− | The U.S. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Food_and_Drug_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1 Food and Drug Administration]'s [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/096_home.html view of homeopathy] is that there is no real concern about the safety of most homeopathic products because of the extremely small dosages. The F.D.A. has deemed that the vast majority of homeopathic medicines are [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Over-the-counter_drugs&action=edit&redlink=1 over-the-counter drugs] (OTC), that is, drugs that do not need a doctor's prescription and that are safe enough for home care. In the U.S.A., homeopathic remedies must have at least one indication for usage for a disease or condition that is self-limiting and that does not require medical diagnosis or medical monitoring. The [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=European_Union&action=edit&redlink=1 European Union] allows homeopathic medicinal products, <sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-104 [105]]</sup> if they are at least 3X, that is, they may not contain either more than one part per 10,000 of the mother tincture or more than 1/100th of the smallest dose of an active substance. No specific therapeutic indication may be given on the label of the product.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_note-105 [106]]</sup> Some physicians, however, maintain that homeopathic treatment is ''relatively'' unsafe, because it might delay other treatment/s, if it fails to work. Homeopaths respond to these concerns by noting that using homeopathic medicines can delay or reduce the use of conventional medicines that are ineffective and dangerous.
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− | Probably every modern pharmacologist would agree with Hahnemann that the drugs prescribed by conventional physicians in the nineteenth century were at best ineffective and often dangerous. However, some homeopaths question whether even modern medical drugs are safe and effective, and recommend homeopathic remedies instead. For example, a 2006 survey by the U.K. charitable trust [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Sense_About_Science&action=edit&redlink=1 Sense About Science] revealed that homeopaths were advising travelers against taking conventional anti-[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Malaria&action=edit&redlink=1 malarial] drugs, instead recommending they take a homeopathic remedy.
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− | Another concern of conventional physicians is that some homeopaths discourage the use of [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Vaccine&action=edit&redlink=1 vaccines]. Many homeopaths think that vaccination for common diseases, such as [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Measles measles] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Chicken-pox&action=edit&redlink=1 chicken-pox], is unnecessary, and some believe that vaccines can even be damaging to health, because of the [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Mercury&action=edit&redlink=1 mercury] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Aluminum&action=edit&redlink=1 aluminum] in them, because the bacterium or virus in the vaccine may neither be dead nor weak enough, and/or because some childhood infectious diseases may strengthen immune responsiveness.
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− | == Literature: ==
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− | Hahnemann, Samuel: Organon of the Medical Art, ed. W. B. O’Reilly. Birdcage Books, Palo Alto California, 1996.
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− | == References ==
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− | <references />
| + | == Rechtsanwältinnen. Rechtsanwälte == |
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-0 ↑] Malathy Iyer, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/IIT-B-team-shows-how-homeopathy-works/articleshow/7108579.cms#ixzz18FwnpLXS IIT-B team shows how homeopathy works] The Times of India (Dec 16, 2010)
| + | [[Corona_/_Corona-Katastrophe_/_Corona-Krise_/_COVID-19-Pandemie&oldid=8714|Corona]] [[:Corona_/_Corona-Katastrophe_/_Corona-Krise_/_COVID-19-Pandemie&oldid=8714|Corona<ref name="Name der Referenz">Text für Referenz</ref>]] |
− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-1 ↑] Prashant Satish Chikramane, Akkihebbal K. Suresh, Jayesh Ramesh Bellare, and Shantaram Govind Kane [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WXX-518T4YP-3&_user=10&_coverDate=10/31/2010&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3742c7a676d864d32688d36d6edd30a4&searchtype=a Extreme homeopathic dilutions retain starting materials: A nanoparticulate perspective] Homeopathy 99/4, 231-242 (October 2010).
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− | #↑ <sup>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-Van_Wassenhoven_2-0 3.0]</sup> <sup>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-Van_Wassenhoven_2-1 3.1]</sup> <sup>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-Van_Wassenhoven_2-2 3.2]</sup> <cite style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFVan_Wassenhoven2012" class="Journal">Van Wassenhoven, Michel (June, 2008), "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.feg.unesp.br/~ojs/index.php/ijhdr/article/viewFile/286/354 Scientific framework of homeopathy: evidence-based homeopathy]", ''Int J High Dilution''<span class="printonly">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.feg.unesp.br/~ojs/index.php/ijhdr/article/viewFile/286/354 http://www.feg.unesp.br/~ojs/index.php/ijhdr/article/viewFile/286/354]</span></cite>
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− | #↑ <sup>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-Dr.Ramaanand_3-0 4.0]</sup> <sup>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-Dr.Ramaanand_3-1 4.1]</sup> <cite style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFJhingade2012" class="Journal">Jhingade, Ramaanand (May, 2010), ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.homeopathy.x10.mx/efficacy-studies.html Studies of the activity of Homeopathic medicines]''<span class="printonly">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.homeopathy.x10.mx/efficacy-studies.html http://www.homeopathy.x10.mx/efficacy-studies.html]</span></cite>
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-4 ↑] <cite style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBoyd1936" class="Journal">Boyd, Linn (1936), ''The Simile in Medicine'', Boericke and Tafel</cite>
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-5 ↑] {{citation + - |title =Early Anthropology in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries + - | first= Margaret Trabue | last =Hodgen + - | publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press | year= 1964 + - | url = [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://books.google.com/books?id=Wa12Spdp_WYC&pg=PA392&lpg=PA392&dq="like+cures+like"+anthropology&source=bl&ots=ffDShkiaCD&sig=wNySoaO7B5gqz89DgEGQU7eCCrg&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result}} [http://books.google.com/books?id=Wa12Spdp_WYC&pg=PA392&lpg=PA392&dq= "like+cures+like"+anthropology&source=bl&ots=ffDShkiaCD&sig=wNySoaO7B5gqz89DgEGQU7eCCrg&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result}} http://books.google.com/books?id=Wa12Spdp_WYC&pg=PA392&lpg=PA392&dq=%22like+cures+like%22+anthropology&source=bl&ots=ffDShkiaCD&sig=wNySoaO7B5gqz89DgEGQU7eCCrg&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result}}]], p. 392
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-Scofield_6-0 ↑] <cite style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFScofield2001" class="Journal">Scofield, Edward L.W. (June 20, 2001), "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.innominatesociety.com/Articles/Homepathy%20Similia%20Similibus%20Curentur.htm Homeopathy “Similia Similibus Curentur”]", ''Innominate Society''<span class="printonly">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.innominatesociety.com/Articles/Homepathy%20Similia%20Similibus%20Curentur.htm http://www.innominatesociety.com/Articles/Homepathy%20Similia%20Similibus%20Curentur.htm]</span></cite>
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-7 ↑] See [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Qi&action=edit&redlink=1 the Romanization section on the Qi article] for details of Romanization of the Chinese term ''qi''.
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-8 ↑] Iris Bell I (2005) All evidence is equal, but some evidence is more equal than others: can logic prevail over emotion in the homeopathy debate? J Alt Comp Med [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.jspshomeocollege.in/Research/Article-3%20JACM.pdf 11:763–9].
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-9 ↑] Dana Ullman (2007) ''The Homeopathic Revolution: Why Famous People and Cultural Heroes Choose Homeopathy.'' Berkeley: North Atlantic, 2007; www.HomeopathicRevolution.com
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-Hippo1_10-0 ↑] <cite style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBoylan2006" class="Journal">Boylan, Michael (2006), [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hippocra.htm "Hippocrates (c. 450 BCE to 380 BCE)"], ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''<span class="printonly">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hippocra.htm http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hippocra.htm]</span></cite>
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-11 ↑] '''Note:''' It would help to provide chapters and verses from the ''Hippocratic Corpus'' so that readers can pursue the issue and perhaps expand it, as well as evaluate it in context.
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-12 ↑] <cite style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREF" class="Journal">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/442424/Paracelsus "Paracelsus (German-Swiss physician)"], ''Britannica Online Encyclopedia'', Encyclopædia Britannica<span class="printonly">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/442424/Paracelsus http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/442424/Paracelsus]</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved on 2009-03-24</span></cite>.
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-13 ↑] <cite style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMorrell_P" class="Journal">Morrell P, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://homeoint.org/morrell/articles/index.htm Articles on Homeopathy]''<span class="printonly">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://homeoint.org/morrell/articles/index.htm http://homeoint.org/morrell/articles/index.htm]</span></cite>
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-Timeline_14-0 ↑] <cite style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREF" class="Journal">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wholehealthnow.com/homeopathy_pro/homeopathy_1825_1849.html Homeopathy Timeline]", ''Whole Health Now: Homeopathy Information for the Professional''<span class="printonly">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wholehealthnow.com/homeopathy_pro/homeopathy_1825_1849.html http://www.wholehealthnow.com/homeopathy_pro/homeopathy_1825_1849.html]</span></cite>
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-15 ↑] Hahnemann S (1796) translated into English as [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.minutus.org/library/article_read.asp?id=6 "Essay on a New Principle"]. Hahnemann's[[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.homeopathyhome.com/reference/organon/organon.html http://www.homeopathyhome.com/reference/organon/organon.html] ''Organon der Heilkunst''] in English translation
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-16 ↑] Dean ME (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://shpltd.co.uk/dean-homeopathy.pdf Homeopathy and the progress of science] ''Hist Sci''xxxix
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-17 ↑] Kaufman M (1988) "Homeopathy in America: The Rise and Fall and Persistence of a Medical Heresy", in N. Gevitz, ''Other Healers: Unorthodox Medicine in America.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-18 ↑] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.homeopathyusa.org/ American Institute of Homeopathy]
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− | #:Winston, J (2006) "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wholehealthnow.com/homeopathy_pro/homeopathy_1825_1849.html Homeopathy Timeline]". The Faces of Homoeopathy. Whole Health Now.
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-19 ↑] Coulter HL (1973) ''Divided Legacy'' (vol. II, pp 544-6; III, pp 267-70, 298-305). Berkeley: North Atlantic
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-20 ↑] Bradford TL (1900) ''The logic of figures: The comparative results of homeopathic and other treatments.'' Philadelphia: Boericke and Tafel
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-Boericke-Materia_21-0 ↑] <cite style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBoericke" class="Journal">Boericke, William E., ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.homeoint.org/books/boericmm/index.htm Homeopathic Materia Medica]''<span class="printonly">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.homeoint.org/books/boericmm/index.htm http://www.homeoint.org/books/boericmm/index.htm]</span></cite>
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-Boericke-Repertory_22-0 ↑] <cite style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBoericke" class="Journal">Boericke, Oscar E., ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.homeoint.org/books4/boerirep/index.htm Repertory]''<span class="printonly">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.homeoint.org/books4/boerirep/index.htm http://www.homeoint.org/books4/boerirep/index.htm]</span></cite>
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-23 ↑] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.senseaboutscience.org.uk/index.php/site/project/86 New regulations on licensing of homeopathy] The Medicines for Human Use (National Rules for Homeopathic Products) Regulations 2006, ''Sense about Science''
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-HPUS_24-0 ↑] <cite style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHomeopathic_Pharmacopoeia_Convention_of_the_United_States" class="Journal">Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia Convention of the United States, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.hpus.com/whatishpus.php The Homœopathic Pharmacopœia of the United States (HPUS)]''<span class="printonly">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.hpus.com/whatishpus.php http://www.hpus.com/whatishpus.php]</span></cite>
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-x21CFR_25-0 ↑] <cite style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFCenter_for_Drug_Evaluation_and_Research.2C_U.S._.5B.5BFood_and_Drug_Administration.5D.5D" class="Journal">Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Food_and_Drug_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1 Food and Drug Administration], [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.fda.gov/cder/dmpq/cgmpregs.htm ''§ 211.137 Expiration dating.''], "Part 210 - Current good manufacturing practice in manufacturing, processing, packing, or holding of drugs; General Part 211 - Current good manufacturing practice for finished pharmaceuticals", ''U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)''<span class="printonly">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.fda.gov/cder/dmpq/cgmpregs.htm http://www.fda.gov/cder/dmpq/cgmpregs.htm]</span></cite>
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− | #↑ <sup>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-FDA-HP_26-0 27.0]</sup> <sup>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-FDA-HP_26-1 27.1]</sup> <cite style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREF" class="Journal">''[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/096_home.html Homeopathy: Real Medicine or Empty Promises?]'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Food_and_Drug_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1 Food and Drug Administration]<span class="printonly">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/096_home.html http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/096_home.html]</span></cite>
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-27 ↑] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/homeopathy/index.html Plants and fungi used in homeopathy] Natural History Museum
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-28 ↑] Hahnemann's "striking board" is displayed by the [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.igm-bosch.de/english/f10.htm Hahnemann Museum] at the Institute for the History of Medicine (IGM), Stuttgart
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-29 ↑] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.homeoint.org/morrell/articles/pm_calc.htm Calcarea Carbonica - The Collector of Days and Fossils] by Peter Morrell
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-30 ↑] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1901/behring-bio.html Emil von Behring, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901]
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-31 ↑] <cite style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBehring.2C_Emil_von1905" class="Journal">Behring, Emil von (1905), ''Moderne phthisiogenetische und phthisoitherapeutische: Probleme in historischer Beleuchtung'', Selbstverlag des Verfassers</cite>
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-32 ↑] Vaccine doses are calculated from the TCID<sub>50</sub> dose; the minimum dose required to infect 50% of tissue cultures tested in a laboratory assay. A single dose of measles vaccine will contain at least 1,000 x the TCID50 dose in 0.5 ml.[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.drugs.com/ppa/measles-mumps-and-rubella-vaccine-live.html Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine, Live]
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-33 ↑] Calabrese EJ, Baldwin LA (1998) Hormesis as a biological hypothesis ''Environmental Health Perspectives Supplements'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.ehponline.org/members/1998/Suppl-1/357-362calabrese/full.html 106, S1]
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-34 ↑] <cite style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBhanji_NH.2C_Chouinard_G.2C_Kolivakis_T.2C_Margolese_HC2006" class="Journal">Bhanji NH, Chouinard G, Kolivakis T, Margolese HC (2006). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.cjcp.ca/pdf/CJCP_04-032_e69.pdf Persistent tardive rebound panic disorder, rebound anxiety and insomnia following paroxetine withdrawal: a review of rebound-withdrawal phenomena]". ''Can J Clin Pharmacol'' '''13''' (1): e69–74. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16456219?dopt=Abstract PMID 16456219]<span class="printonly">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.cjcp.ca/pdf/CJCP_04-032_e69.pdf http://www.cjcp.ca/pdf/CJCP_04-032_e69.pdf]</span>.</cite>
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-35 ↑] <cite style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKales_A.2C_Scharf_MB.2C_Kales_JD1978" class="Journal">Kales A, Scharf MB, Kales JD (September 1978). "Rebound insomnia: a new clinical syndrome". ''Science (journal)'' '''201''' (4360): 1039–41. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/684426?dopt=Abstract PMID 684426].</cite>
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-71 ↑] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199900/ldselect/ldsctech/123/12305.htm House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology Sixth Report. Complementary and Alternative Medicine] Chapter 3: Patient satisfaction, the role of the therapist and the placebo response.
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− | #↑ <sup>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-AMA-12_75-0 76.0]</sup> <sup>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-AMA-12_75-1 76.1]</sup> <cite style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFAmerican_Medical_Association_Council_on_Scientific_Affairs1997" class="Journal">American Medical Association Council on Scientific Affairs (June 1997), ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/13638.html alternative theories including homeopathy]'', Report 12<span class="printonly">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/13638.html http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/13638.html]</span></cite>
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-77 ↑] Flavia Munn, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://web2.bma.org.uk/nrezine.nsf/wp/ESML-86VGUX?OpenDocument&C=3+July+2010 Medics vote to ban homeopathy from NHS] (June 29, 2010)
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-78 ↑] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/7910948/Homeopathy-will-not-be-banned-by-NHS-despite-critical-report.html http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/7910948/Homeopathy-will-not-be-banned-by-NHS-despite-critical-report.html]
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-Homeopathy2007_79-0 ↑] The special issue of the journal "Homeopathy", vol. '''96''', issue 3, pp. 141–230 (2007), [Editor Martin Chaplin], is dedicated to the problem, see the URL [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/14754916 The Memory of Water]. Copies of the articles in this special issue along with discussion are available at [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.badscience.net/?p=490 Homeopathy Journal Club] ''Bad Science'', a blog by [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Ben_Goldacre&action=edit&redlink=1 Ben Goldacre].
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-80 ↑] D.J. Anick, J.A. Ives, ''The silica hypothesis for homeopathy: physical chemistry'', Homeopathy, vol. '''96''', pp. 189-95 (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.homp.2007.03.005 doi]
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-81 ↑] J.L. Demangeat, P. Gries, B. Poitevin, J.J. Droesbeke, T. Zahaf, F. Maton, C. Piérart and R.N. Muller, ''Low-Field NMR water proton longitudinal relaxation in ultrahighly diluted aqueous solutions of silica-lactose prepared in glass material for pharmaceutical use'', Applied magnetic resonance, vol. '''26''', pp. 465-71 (2004)
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-82 ↑] J-L Demangeat, ''NMR water proton relaxation in unheated and heated ultrahigh aqueous dilutions of histamine: Evidence for an air-dependent supramolecular organization of water'', Journal of Molecular Liquids, vol. '''144''', pp. 32-39 (2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2008.07.013 doi]
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-montagnier_83-0 ↑] Montagnier sources: - *{{Citation - |title=Nobel laureate gives homeopathy a boost - |newspaper=[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=The_Australian&action=edit&redlink=1 The Australian] - |date=July 5, 2010 - |url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/health-science/nobel-laureate-gives-homeopathy-a-boost/story-e6frg8y6-1225887772305}} [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/health-science/nobel-laureate-gives-homeopathy-a-boost/story-e6frg8y6-1225887772305}} http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/health-science/nobel-laureate-gives-homeopathy-a-boost/story-e6frg8y6-1225887772305}}]] - *{{citation - |title= Top 6 unconventional post-Nobel Prize claims - |author= Alexey Kovalev - |date= 07 June 2010 - |work= [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Wired_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1 Wired] - |url= [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wired.co.uk/wired-magazine/archive/2010/07/start/top-6-unconventional-post-nobel-prize-claims?page=all http://www.wired.co.uk/wired-magazine/archive/2010/07/start/top-6-unconventional-post-nobel-prize-claims?page=all] }}
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-84 ↑] Coined by [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Marcello_Truzzi&action=edit&redlink=1 Marcello Truzzi] and popularized in slightly different form by [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Carl_Sagan&action=edit&redlink=1 Carl Sagan].
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-85 ↑] Malathy Iyer, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/IIT-B-team-shows-how-homeopathy-works/articleshow/7108579.cms#ixzz18FwnpLXS IIT-B team shows how homeopathy works] The Times of India (Dec 16, 2010)
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-86 ↑] Prashant Satish Chikramane, Akkihebbal K. Suresh, Jayesh Ramesh Bellare, and Shantaram Govind Kane [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WXX-518T4YP-3&_user=10&_coverDate=10/31/2010&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3742c7a676d864d32688d36d6edd30a4&searchtype=a Extreme homeopathic dilutions retain starting materials: A nanoparticulate perspective] Homeopathy 99/4, 231-242 (October 2010).
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-87 ↑] Kleijnen J ''et al.'' (1991). Clinical trials of homeopathy ''BMJ'' 302:316–23.
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-88 ↑] Linde K ''et al.'' (1997). Are the clinical effects of homeopathy placebo effects? A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials? ''Lancet'' 350: 834–43. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9310601?dopt=Abstract PMID 9310601].
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-89 ↑] Jacobs J ''et al.'' (2003) Homeopathy for childhood diarrhea: combined results and metaanalysis from three randomized, controlled clinical trials. ''Ped Infect Disease J'' 22:229–34)
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-90 ↑] Barnes J ''et al.'' (1997). Homeopathy for postoperative ileus? A meta-analysis. ''J Clin Gastroenterol'' 25:628–33.
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-91 ↑] Taylor MA ''et al.'' (2000). Randomised controlled trials of homoeopathy versus placebo in perennial allergic rhinitis with overview of four trial series. BMJ 321:471–6)
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-pmid12492603_92-0 ↑] <cite style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFErnst_E2002" class="Journal">Ernst E (2002). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2125.2002.01699.x/full?cookieSet=1 A systematic review of systematic reviews of homeopathy]". ''Br J Clin Pharmacol'' '''54''': 577–82. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12492603?dopt=Abstract PMID 12492603]<span class="printonly">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2125.2002.01699.x/full?cookieSet=1 http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2125.2002.01699.x/full?cookieSet=1]</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2008-02-12</span>.</cite>
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-Vickers2006_93-0 ↑] <cite style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFVickers_AJ.2C_Smith_C.2012" class="Journal">Vickers AJ, Smith C. (2006), "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD001957/frame.html Homoeopathic Oscillococcinum for preventing and treating influenza and influenza-like syndromes.]", ''Cochrane Database Syst Rev.'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1 doi]:<span class="neverexpand">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://dx.doi.org/DOI:+10.1002/14651858.CD001957.pub3 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001957.pub3]</span><span class="printonly">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD001957/frame.html http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD001957/frame.html]</span></cite>
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-NCCAM-HQ8_94-0 ↑] <cite style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREF.5B.5BNational_Center_for_Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine.5D.5D" class="Journal">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/w/index.php?title=National_Center_for_Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine&action=edit&redlink=1 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine], [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://nccam.nih.gov/health/homeopathy/#q8 "What has scientific research found out about whether homeopathy works?"], ''Questions and Answers About Homeopathy''<span class="printonly">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://nccam.nih.gov/health/homeopathy/#q8 http://nccam.nih.gov/health/homeopathy/#q8]</span></cite>
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-Newsweek_95-0 ↑] <cite style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFAdler2008" class="Journal">Adler, Jerry (February 4, 2008), "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.newsweek.com/id/105581 No Way to Treat the Dying]", ''Newsweek''<span class="printonly">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.newsweek.com/id/105581 http://www.newsweek.com/id/105581]</span></cite>
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-NHSdirect_96-0 ↑] <cite style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFNHS_Direct" class="Journal">NHS Direct, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/articles/article.aspx?articleId=197§ionId=27 "Homeopathy"], ''Health Encyclopedia''<span class="printonly">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/articles/article.aspx?articleId=197§ionId=27 http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/articles/article.aspx?articleId=197§ionId=27#]</span></cite>
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-97 ↑] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://nccam.nih.gov/health/homeopathy/#q8 Questions and Answers About Homeopathy] National Center for Complemenatary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-98 ↑] Linde K ''et al.'' (1999) Impact of study quality on outcome in placebo controlled trials of homeopathy. ''J Clin Epidemiol'' 52:631–6
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-99 ↑] Shang A ''et al.'' (2005) Are the clinical effects of homoeopathy placebo effects? Comparative study of placebo-controlled trials of homoeopathy and allopathy. ''Lancet'' 366:726–32
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-100 ↑] Editorial. The end of homeopathy ''Lancet'' 2005; 366:690
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-101 ↑] Vandenbroucke JP (2005) Homoeopathy and ‘the growth of truth’ ''Lancet'' 366:691–2
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-102 ↑] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.homeopathy.org/research/editorials/Rutten.pdf Open letter] to the Editor of The Lancet from the Swiss Association of Homoeopathic Physicians (SVHA)
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-103 ↑] Ludtke R, Rutten ALB (2008) The conclusions of the effectiveness of homeopathy highly depend on the set of analyzed trials. ''J Clin Epidemiol'' doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.06.015 and Rutten ALB & Stolper CF (2008) The 2005 meta-analysis of homeopathy: the importance of post-publication data. ''Homeopathy'' doi: 10.1016/j.homp.2008.09.008
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-104 ↑] ....provided they are prepared according to the European Pharmacopoeia or the pharmacopoeias currently used officially in the Member States
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− | #[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://www.wiki4cam.org:80/wiki/Homeopathy#cite_ref-105 ↑] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133342/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32001L0083:EN:HTML Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council] relating to medicinal products for human use.
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− | </div>
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